Thanksgiving

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For other uses, see Thanksgiving (disambiguation).
Thanksgiving Day
Thanksgiving Day
Saying grace before carving a turkey at Thanksgiving dinner, Pennsylvania, U.S., 1942
Observed by  Canada
 Liberia
 Norfolk Island
 United States
 Puerto Rico
Type National, cultural
Date 2nd Monday in October (Canada)
1st Thursday in November (Liberia)
Last Wednesday in November (Norfolk Island)
4th Thursday in November (USA)
2012 date

October 8, 2012 (Canada);
November 1, 2012 (Liberia);
November 28, 2012 (Norfolk Island);

November 22, 2012 (USA)
2013 date

October 14, 2013 (Canada);
November 7, 2013 (Liberia);
November 27, 2013 (Norfolk Island);

November 28, 2013 (USA, Puerto Rico)

Thanksgiving Day is a holiday celebrated primarily in the United States and Canada. Thanksgiving is celebrated each year on the second Monday of October in Canada and on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States, and often extends to the weekend that falls closest to it. Several other places around the world observe similar celebrations. Historically, Thanksgiving had roots in religion and cultural tradition. Today, it is primarily celebrated as a secular holiday, but there are a diverse array of observances that add and discard from other traditions.

Contents

History

Prayers of thanksgiving and special thanksgiving religious services are a part of the Judeo-Christian heritage, which is widely viewed as the foundation of the official Thanksgiving Day holidays in North America.[1][2][3][4][5] In the Old Testament, numerous Thanksgiving accounts are mentioned, including those of Noah, King David, King Hezekiah, Nehemiah, and Daniel;[6][7] similarly, the early Christians also thanked God for their blessings.[6][8]

In the English tradition, days of thanksgiving and special thanksgiving religious services became important during the English Reformation in the reign of Henry VIII and in reaction to the large number of religious holidays on the Catholic calendar. Before 1536 there were 95 Church holidays, plus 52 Sundays, when people were required to attend church and forego work and sometimes pay for expensive celebrations. The 1536 reforms reduced the number of Church holidays to 27, but some Puritans, the radical reformers of their age, wished to completely eliminate all Church holidays, including Christmas and Easter. The holidays were to be replaced by specially called Days of Fasting or Days of Thanksgiving, in response to events that the Puritans viewed as acts of special providence. Unexpected disasters or threats of judgement from on high called for Days of Fasting. Special blessings, viewed as coming from God, called for Days of Thanksgiving. For example, Days of Fasting were called on account of drought in 1611, floods in 1613, and plague in 1604 and 1622. Days of Thanksgiving were called following the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588, and following the deliverance of Queen Anne in 1705. An unusual annual Day of Thanksgiving began in 1606 following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605, and developed into Guy Fawkes Day.[9]

Pilgrims and Puritans who began emigrating from England in the 1620s and 1630s carried the tradition of Days of Fasting and Days of Thanksgiving with them to New England. Several days of Thanksgiving were held in early New England history that have been identified as the "First Thanksgiving," including Pilgrim holidays in Plymouth in 1621 and 1623, and a Puritan holiday in Boston in 1631.[10][11]

Thanksgiving in North America had mixed origins which included Native traditions as well as European ones.[12] European harvest festivals which involved giving thanks to God for the harvest, and celebrating with the community after the hard work of harvesting have also contributed,[12] though late November is almost two months after the harvest in New England.[13] Native Americans also celebrated the end of a harvest season.[12] When Europeans first arrived to the Americas, they brought their own harvest festival traditions, and gave thanks for their safe voyages.[12]

In Canada

Main article: Thanksgiving (Canada)
The Order of Good Cheer, 1606 by Charles William Jefferys, (1925).

The origin of the first Thanksgiving in Canada goes back to the explorer Martin Frobisher who had been trying to find a northern passage to the Pacific Ocean. Frobisher's Thanksgiving celebration was not for harvest but was in thanks for surviving the long journey from England through the perils of storms and icebergs. In 1578, on his third and final voyage to these regions, Frobisher held a formal ceremony in Frobisher Bay in Baffin Island (present-day Nunavut) to give thanks to God and in a service ministered by the preacher Robert Wolfall they celebrated Communion — the first-ever service in these regions.[14] Years later, the tradition of a feast would continue as more settlers began to arrive in the Canadian colonies.[15]

Oven roasted turkey

The origins of Canadian Thanksgiving can also be traced to the French settlers who came to New France with explorer Samuel de Champlain in the early 17th century, who also took to celebrating their successful harvests. The French settlers in the area typically had feasts at the end of the harvest season and continued throughout the winter season, even sharing their food with the indigenous peoples of the area.[16] Champlain had also proposed for the creation of the Order of Good Cheer in 1606.[17]

As many more settlers arrived in Canada, more celebrations of good harvest became common. New immigrants into the country, such as the Irish, Scottish and Germans, would also add their own traditions to the harvest celebrations. Most of the U.S. aspects of Thanksgiving (such as the turkey or what were called Guineafowls originating from Madagascar), were incorporated when United Empire Loyalists began to flee from the United States during the American Revolution and settled in Canada.[16]

In the United States

Main article: Thanksgiving (United States)
The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth By Jennie A. Brownscombe (1914)

In the United States, the modern Thanksgiving holiday tradition traces its origins to a 1621 celebration at Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts. There is also evidence for an earlier celebration on the continent by Spanish explorers in Texas at San Elizario in 1598, as well as thanksgiving feasts in the Virginia Colony.[18] The initial thanksgiving observance at Virginia in 1619 was prompted by the colonists' leaders on the anniversary of the settlement.[19] The 1621 Plymouth feast and thanksgiving was prompted by a good harvest. In later years, the tradition was continued by civil leaders such as Governor Bradford who planned a thanksgiving celebration and fast in 1623.[20][21][22] While initially, the Plymouth colony did not have enough food to feed half of the 102 colonists, the Wampanoag Native Americans helped the Pilgrims by providing seeds and teaching them to fish. The practice of holding an annual harvest festival like this did not become a regular affair in New England until the late 1660s.[23]

According to historian Jeremy Bangs, director of the Leiden American Pilgrim Museum, the Pilgrims may have been influenced by watching the annual services of Thanksgiving for the relief of the siege of Leiden in 1574, while they were staying in Leiden.[24]

Contending claims to first celebrations

The claim of where the first Thanksgiving was held in the United States, and even the Americas, has often been a subject of debate. Author and teacher Robyn Gioia and Michael Gannon of the University of Florida have argued that the earliest attested "Thanksgiving" celebration in what is now the United States was celebrated by the Spanish on September 8, 1565, in what is now Saint Augustine, Florida.[25][26]

Similarly, many historians point out that the first thanksgiving celebration in the United States was held in Virginia, and not in Plymouth. Thanksgiving services were routine in what was to become the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607.[27] A day of Thanksgiving was codified in the founding charter of Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia in 1619.[28]

Fixing the date of the holiday

The reason for the earlier Thanksgiving celebrations in Canada has often been attributed to the earlier onset of winter in the north, thus ending the harvest season earlier.[29] Thanksgiving in Canada did not have a fixed date until the late 19th century. Prior to Canadian Confederation, many of the individual colonial governors of the Canadian provinces had declared their own days of Thanksgiving. The first official Canadian Thanksgiving occurred on April 15, 1872, when the nation was celebrating the Prince of Wales' recovery from a serious illness.[29] By the end of the 19th Century, Thanksgiving Day was normally celebrated on November 6. However, when World War I ended, the Armistice Day holiday was usually held during the same week. To prevent the two holidays from clashing with one another, in 1957 the Canadian Parliament proclaimed Thanksgiving to be observed on its present date on the second Monday of October.[16] Since 1971, when the American Uniform Monday Holiday Act took effect, the American observance of Columbus Day has coincided with the Canadian observance of Thanksgiving.[30][31]

Thanksgiving in the United States, much like in Canada, was observed on various dates throughout history. The dates of Thanksgiving in the era of the Founding Fathers until the time of Lincoln had been decided by each state on various dates. The first Thanksgiving celebrated on the same date by all states was in 1863 by presidential proclamation. The final Thursday in November had become the customary date of Thanksgiving in most U.S. states by the beginning of the 19th century. And so, in an effort by President Abraham Lincoln (influenced by the campaigning of author Sarah Josepha Hale who wrote letters to politicians for around 40 years trying to make it an official holiday), to foster a sense of American unity between the Northern and Southern states, proclaimed the date to be the final Thursday in November.[27]

It was not until December 26, 1941, that the unified date changed to the fourth Thursday (and not always final) in November—this time by federal legislation. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after two years earlier offering his own proclamation to move the date earlier, with the reason of giving the country an economic boost, agreed to sign a bill into law with Congress, making Thanksgiving a national holiday on the fourth Thursday in November.

Observance in North America

Pumpkin pie is commonly served on and around Thanksgiving.

Canada

Main article: Thanksgiving (Canada)

Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day (Canadian French: Jour de l'Action de grâce), occurring on the second Monday in October, is an annual Canadian holiday to give thanks at the close of the harvest season. Although the original act of Parliament references God and the holiday is celebrated in churches, the holiday is mostly celebrated in a secular manner. Thanksgiving is a statutory holiday in all provinces in Canada, except for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. While businesses may remain open in these provinces, the holiday is nonetheless, recognized and celebrated regardless of its status.[32][33][34][35][36]

United States

Main article: Thanksgiving (United States)

Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day, currently celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November by federal legislation in 1941, has been an annual tradition in the United States by presidential proclamation since 1863 and by state legislation since the Founding Fathers of the United States. Historically, Thanksgiving began as a tradition of celebrating the harvest of the year.[37]

Other observances known as Thanksgiving

Grenada

In the West Indian island of Grenada, there is a national holiday known as Thanksgiving Day which is celebrated on October 25. Even though it bears the same name, and is celebrated at roughly the same time as the American and Canadian versions of Thanksgiving, this holiday is unrelated to either of those celebrations. Instead the holiday marks the anniversary of the U.S.-led invasion of the island in 1983, in response to the deposition and execution of Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop.[38]

Japan

Further information: Labor Thanksgiving Day

Liberia

In the West African country of Liberia, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the first Thursday of November.[39]

The Netherlands

Many of the Pilgrims who migrated to the Plymouth Plantation had resided in the city of Leiden from 1609–1620, many of whom had recorded their birth, marriages and deaths at the Pieterskerk.[40] To commemorate this, a non-denominational Thanksgiving Day service is held each year on the morning of the American Thanksgiving Day in the Pieterskerk, a Gothic church in Leiden, to commemorate the hospitality the Pilgrims received in Leiden on their way to the New World.[41]

Norfolk Island

In the Australian external territory of Norfolk Island, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the last Wednesday of November, similar to the pre-World War II American observance on the last Thursday of the month. This means the Norfolk Island observance is the day before or six days after the United States' observance. The holiday was brought to the island by visiting American whaling ships.[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ronald Reagan President Reagan's Thanksgiving Day Proclamation], Proclamation 5551, October 13, 1986. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  2. ^ Thanksgiving, Central Schwenkfelder Church. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  3. ^ Do Jews Celebrate Thanksgiving, Rabbi Tuly, Travelujah, November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  4. ^ Thanksgiving, Fr. William Saunders, Catholic Education Resource Center, 2003. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  5. ^ Baker, Chapter 1.
  6. ^ a b Alvin J. Schmidt (2004). "How Christianity Changed the World". Zondervan. http://books.google.com/books?id=qf9nq9lFwyQC&pg=PA381&dq=thanksgiving+holiday+give+thanks+God+Noah&hl=en&ei=4a_OTquFH6vYiQKZk93eCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=thanksgiving%20holiday%20give%20thanks%20God%20Noah&f=false. Retrieved 30 January 2-12. "THANKSGIVING DAY Giving formal thanks to God did not begin with the Pilgrims in Massachusetts in 1621 as many Americans believe, for numerous thanksgiving accounts are portrayed in the Old Testament, where one finds Noah, King David, King Hezekiah, Nehemiah, and Daniel thanking God for material and spiritual blessings. Likewise, we read about the apostolic Christians in the New Testament giving thanks for their blessings." 
  7. ^ Edmund Carpenter (1 February 2004). "Mayflower Pilgrims". Christian Liberty Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=GheuvVoVEoAC&pg=PA104&dq=thanksgiving+old+testament+pilgrims&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TzQuT6quNoHp0QGX-Yj7Cg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=thanksgiving%20old%20testament%20pilgrims&f=false. Retrieved 30 January 2-12. "The thanksgiving celebration was also developed by virtue of similar feasts of thanksgiving that were described in the Old Testament Scriptures and eventually copied by the Pilgrims." 
  8. ^ "National Republic, Volumes 30-31". University of Michigan Press. 1942. http://books.google.com/books?id=GiDnAAAAMAAJ&q=early+Christians+thanksgiving+pilgrim&dq=early+Christians+thanksgiving+pilgrim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sTYuT5S5NKj40gHs1dz5Cg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBA. Retrieved 30 January 2-12. "It originated with the early Christians in thanksgiving for victories over their enemies. The Pilgrims being of English descent brought with them to the New World the spirit and tradition of Thanksgiving, as well as other customs." 
  9. ^ Baker, Chapter 1.
  10. ^ Baker, Chapter 1.
  11. ^ Alvin J. Schmidt (2004). "How Christianity Changed the World". Zondervan. http://books.google.com/books?id=qf9nq9lFwyQC&pg=PA381&dq=thanksgiving+holiday+give+thanks+God+Noah&hl=en&ei=4a_OTquFH6vYiQKZk93eCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=thanksgiving%20holiday%20give%20thanks%20God%20Noah&f=false. Retrieved 30 January 2-12. "Their leader, Governor William Bradford, issued a formal proclamation commanding the people to give thanks to God for having received divine protection during a terrible winter and for having received their first harvest. It was also new that the Pilgrims celebrated their thanksgiving by eating wild turkey (an indigenous bird) and venison." 
  12. ^ a b c d Morill, Ann Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals Infobase Publishing (2009), ISBN 1-6041-3096-2 p.28
  13. ^ Baker, Chapter 1.
  14. ^ "The three voyages of Martin Frobisher: in search of a passage to Cathai and India by the northwest AD 1576-1578". http://books.google.com/books?id=3F9MJjZN638C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Three+voyages+of+martin+frobisher#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  15. ^ Morill, Ann Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals Infobase Publishing (2009), ISBN 1-6041-3096-2 p.31
  16. ^ a b c Solski, Ruth "Canada's Traditions and Celebrations" McGill-Queen's Press, ISBN 1-5503-5694-1 p.12
  17. ^ "Port-Royal National Historic Site of Canada". National Historic Sites. Parks Canada. http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/portroyal/natcul/histor.aspx. Retrieved 2010-12-08. 
  18. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Thanksgiving. Eds. Cutler Cleveland & Peter Saundry. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
  19. ^ "The First Thanksgiving Proclamation — June 20, 1676". The Covenant News. http://www.covenantnews.com/thanks01.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
  20. ^ Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, pp. 120-121.
  21. ^ Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, pp. 135-142.
  22. ^ The fast and thanksgiving days of New England by William DeLoss Love, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Cambridge, 1895
  23. ^ Kaufman, Jason Andrew "The origins of Canadian and American political differences" Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 0-6740-3136-9 p.28
  24. ^ Jeremy Bangs. "Influences". The Pilgrims' Leiden. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~netlapm/Page31K.htm. Retrieved September 11, 2010. 
  25. ^ Wilson, Craig (2007-11-21). "Florida teacher chips away at Plymouth Rock Thanksgiving myth". Usatoday.com. http://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2007-11-20-first-thanksgiving_N.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-05. 
  26. ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (2008-11-25). "A French Connection". Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/opinion/26davis.html?th&emc=th. Retrieved 2011-09-05. 
  27. ^ a b Morill, Ann Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals Infobase Publishing (2009), ISBN 1-6041-3096-2 p.33
  28. ^ "The First Thanksgiving Proclamation — 20 June 1676". The Covenant News. http://www.covenantnews.com/thanks01.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
  29. ^ a b Kaufman, Jason Andrew "The origins of Canadian and American political differences" Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 0-6740-3136-9 p.29
  30. ^ "LBJ Signs Bill to Set Up Five 3-Day Holidays". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press (via Google News). June 29, 1968. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9eYhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5GUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6061,7091289&dq=district+of+columbia&hl=en. Retrieved 2011-12-06.  The bill in question became the Uniform Monday Holiday Act.
  31. ^ "Text of the 1968 Uniform Monday Holiday Act". US Government Archives (www.archives.gov). http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/winter/images/uniform-monday-holiday-law.jpg. Retrieved 2011-12-06. 
  32. ^ "Paid public holidays". WorkRights.ca. http://www.workrights.ca/content.php?sec=9. 
  33. ^ "Thanksgiving - is it a Statutory Holiday?". Government of Nova Scotia. http://www.gov.ns.ca/lae/employmentrights/thanksgiving.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-13. 
  34. ^ "Statutes, Chapter E-6.2" (PDF). Government of Prince Edward Island. http://www.gov.pe.ca/law/statutes/pdf/e-06_2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-13. 
  35. ^ "RSNL1990 Chapter L-2 - Labour Standards Act". Assembly of Newfoundland. http://assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/l02.htm#14_. Retrieved 2008-10-13. 
  36. ^ "Statutory Holidays" (PDF). Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development, Canada. Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20080229081421/http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/lp/spila/clli/eslc/stat_hol.pdf. 
  37. ^ "Thanksgiving Day". Encyclopedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590003/Thanksgiving-Day. Retrieved 2011-11-25. 
  38. ^ Official website of the government of Grenada
  39. ^ "Vice President Boakai Joins Catholic Community in Bomi to Celebrate Thanksgiving Day". The Executive Mansion. Republic of Liberia. 2010-11-05. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1709&related=. Retrieved 2010-11-28. 
  40. ^ Consulate General of the United States, Amsterdam. "Thanksgiving Day Events in the Netherlands, 2007". U.S. Department of State. http://amsterdam.usconsulate.gov/thanksgiving_events.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02. [dead link]
  41. ^ "Dutch town". The World (radio program). http://www.theworld.org/?q=node/22856&answer=true. Retrieved 2008-11-28. "The Pilgrims arrived in Leiden in 1609, after fleeing religious persecution in England. Leiden welcomed them because it needed immigrants to help rebuild its textile industry, which had been devastated by a long revolt against Spain. Here, the Pilgrims were allowed to worship as they wanted, and they even published their arguments calling for the separation of church and state. Jeremy Bangs directs the Leiden American Pilgrim Museum. He says the Pilgrims quickly adopted several Dutch customs, like civil marriage and Thanksgiving." 
  42. ^ Australian Government Attorney-General's Department website

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