Agriculture in the United States

This photo from a 1921 encyclopedia shows a tractor ploughing an alfalfa field.

Agriculture is a major industry in the United States and the country is a net exporter of food. As of the last census of agriculture in 2007, there were 2.2 million farms, covering an area of 922 million acres (3,730,000 km²), an average of 418 acres (1.69 km²) per farm.

History

Main article: Agricultural history of the United States

Cotton farming on a Southern plantation in 1921

Corn, turkeys, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, and sunflower seeds constitute some of the major holdovers from the agricultural endowment of the Americas.

European agricultural practices greatly affected the New England landscape, leaving behind many physical foot prints. Colonists brought livestock over from Europe which caused many changes to the land. Grazing animals required a lot of land and food to sustain them and due to grazing, native grasses were destroyed and European species began to replace them. New species of weeds were introduced and began to thrive as they were capable of withstanding the grazing of animals, whereas native species could not.

The practices associated with keeping livestock also contributed to the deterioration of the forests and fields. Colonists would cut down the trees and then allow their cattle and livestock to graze freely in the forest and never plant more trees. The animals trampled and tore up the ground so much as to cause long-term destruction and damage.

Soil exhaustion was a huge problem in New England agriculture. Farming with oxen did allow the colonist to farm more land but it increased erosion and decreased soil fertility. This was due to deeper plow cuts in the soil that allowed the soil more contact with oxygen causing nutrient depletion. In grazing fields, the large number of cattle in the New England, the soil was being compacted by the cattle and this didn’t give the soil enough oxygen to sustain life.

In the U.S., farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled, leading to a "wheat frontier" that moved westward over the course of years. Also very common in the antebellum Midwest was farming corn while raising hogs, complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads. After the "wheat frontier" had passed through an area, more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally took its place. Warmer regions saw plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle. In the early colonial south, raising tobacco and cotton was common, especially through the use of slave labor until the Civil War. In the northeast, slaves were used in agriculture until the early 19th century.^{[citation needed]} In the Midwest, slavery was prohibited by the Freedom Ordinance of 1787.

The introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid nineteenth century has made a large improvement in the USA's economic growth. This development was facilitated by the Morrill Act and the Hatch Act of 1887 which established in each state a land-grant university (with a mission to teach and study agriculture) and a federally funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state.

Soybeans were not widely cultivated in the United States until the 1950s, when soybeans began to replace oats and wheat.

Significant areas of farmland were abandoned during the Great Depression and incorporated into nascent national forests. Later, "Sodbuster" and "Swampbuster" restrictions written into federal farm programs starting in the 1970s reversed a decades-long trend of habitat destruction that began in 1942 when farmers were encouraged to plant all possible land in support of the war effort. In the United States, federal programs administered through local Soil and Water Conservation Districts provide technical assistance and partial funding to farmers who wish to implement management practices to conserve soil and limit erosion.

Major agricultural products

Satellite image of circular crop fields characteristic of center pivot irrigation in Kansas (June 2001). Healthy, growing crops are green. Corn would be growing into leafy stalks by late June. Sorghum, which resembles corn, grows more slowly and would be much smaller and therefore, possibly paler. Wheat is a brilliant gold as harvest occurs in June. Fields of brown have been recently harvested and plowed under or lie fallow for the year.

The top twenty agricultural products of the United States by value as reported by the FAO in 2003 (ranked in order of value with volume in metric tons):

1.	Corn	256,900,000
2.	Cattle meat	11,736,000
3.	Cow's milk, whole, fresh	78,155,000
4.	Chicken meat	15,006,000
5.	Soybeans	65,800,000
6.	Pig meat	8,574,000
7.	Wheat	63,590,000
8.	Cotton lint	3,968,000
9.	Hen eggs	5,141,000
10.	Turkey meat	2,584,000
11.	Tomatoes	12,275,000
12.	Potatoes	20,820,000
13.	Grapes	6,126,000
14.	Oranges	10,473,000
15.	Rice, paddy	9,034,000
16.	Apples	4,242,000
17.	Sorghum	10,446,000
18.	Lettuce	4,490,000
19.	Cottonseed	6,073,000
20.	Sugar beets	27,760,000

The only other crops to ever appear in the top 20 in the last 40 years were, commonly, tobacco, barley, and oats, and, rarely, peanuts, almonds, and sunflower seeds (in all, only 26 of the 188 crops the FAO tracks worldwide). Alfalfa and hay would both be in the top ten in 2003 if they were tracked by FAO.

Crops

Value of production

Rice paddy, California

Major Crops in the U.S.A. - 1997 (in US$ billions)
Corn	$24.4
Soybeans	$17.7
Wheat	$8.6
Alfalfa	$8.3
Cotton	$6.1
Hay, other than alfalfa	$5.1
Tobacco	$3.0
Rice	$1.7
Sorghum	$1.4
Barley	$.9
Source: 1997 USDA-NASS reports, [1]

Note alfalfa and hay are not tracked by the FAO and the production of tobacco in the U.S. has fallen 60% between 1997 and 2003.

Yield

U.S. agriculture has a high yield relative to other countries. The yield was (in 2004):[2]

• Corn for grain, average of 160.4 bushels harvested per acre (10.07 t/ha)
• Soybean for beans, average of 42.5 bushels harvested per acre (2.86 t/ha)
• Wheat, average of 43.2 bushels harvested per acre (2.91 t/ha, was 44.2 bu/ac or 2.97 t/ha in 2003)

Livestock

The major livestock industries in the United States are:

• Dairy cattle
• Beef cattle
• Swine (also called hogs or pigs)
• Poultry
• Sheep

Inventories in the United States at the end of 1997 were absolutely:

• 403,000,000 chickens
• 99,500,000 cattle
• 59,900,000 hogs
• 7,600,000 sheep

Goats, horses, turkeys and bees are also raised, though in lesser quantities. Inventory data is not as readily available as for the major industries. For the three major goat-producing states (AZ, NM, and TX) there were 1,200,000 goats at the end of 2002. There were 5,300,000 horses in the United States at the end of 1998. There were 2,500,000 colonies of bees at the end of 2002.

Farm type or majority enterprise type

Farm type is based on which commodities are the majority crops grown on a farm. Nine common types include:

• Cash grains includes corn, soybeans and other grains (wheat, oats, barley, sorghum), dry edible beans and peas, and rice.
• Tobacco
• Cotton
• Other field crops includes peanuts, potatoes, sunflowers, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, broomcorn, popcorn, sugar beets, mint, hops, seed crops, hay, silage, forage, etc. Tobacco and cotton can be included here if not in their own separate category.
• High value crops includes fruits, vegetables, melons, tree nuts, greenhouse and nursery crops, and horticultural specialties.
• Cattle
• Hogs
• Dairy
• Poultry and Eggs

[3] [4] [5]

Governance

Agriculture subsidy, from a Congressional Budget Office report. Note: chart does not show sugar subsidies.

Main articles: Agricultural policy in the United States and Agricultural subsidy

Agriculture in the United States is primarily governed by periodically renewed U.S. farm bills. Governance is both a federal and a local responsibility with the United States Department of Agriculture being the federal department responsible. Government aid includes research into crop types and regional suitability as well as many kinds of subsidies, some price supports and loan programs. U.S. farmers are not subject to production quotas and some laws are different for farms compared to other workplaces.

Labor laws prohibiting children in other workplaces provide some exemptions for children working on farms with complete exemptions for children working on their family's farm. Children can also gain permits from vocational training schools or the 4-H club which allow them to do jobs they would otherwise not be permitted to do.

A large part of the U.S. farm workforce is made up of migrant and seasonal workers, many of them recent immigrants from Latin America or aliens working under work permits. Additional laws apply to these workers and their housing which is often provided by the farmer.

Employment

In 1870, 70-80 percent of the US population was employed in agriculture.^{[citation needed]} As of 2008, approximately 2-3 percent of the population is directly employed in agriculture.

In 2004, of the 145 million employed workers in the US, 834,000 of them held jobs as agricultural workers. 83% of these jobs were as farm workers. The median hourly income as of May 2004 was $7.70 for farmworkers planting, growing and harvesting crops, and $8.31 for farmworkers tending to animals.[6]

Agriculture safety and health

Agriculture ranks among the most hazardous industries. Farmers are at high risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries, work-related lung diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, and certain cancers associated with chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. Farming is one of the few industries in which the families (who often share the work and live on the premises) are also at risk for injuries, illness, and death. In an average year, 516 workers die doing farm work in the U.S. (1992–2005). Of these deaths, 101 are caused by tractor overturns. Every day, about 243 agricultural workers suffer lost-work-time injuries, and about 5% of these result in permanent impairment.

Agriculture is the most dangerous industry for young workers, accounting for 42% of all work-related fatalities of young workers in the U.S. between 1992 and 2000. Unlike other industries, half the young victims in agriculture were under age 15. For young agricultural workers aged 15–17, the risk of fatal injury is four times the risk for young workers in other workplaces Agricultural work exposes young workers to safety hazards such as machinery, confined spaces, work at elevations, and work around livestock.

An estimated 1.26 million children and adolescents under 20 years of age resided on farms in 2004, with about 699,000 of these youth performing work on the farms. In addition to the youth who live on farms, an additional 337,000 children and adolescents were hired to work on U.S. farms in 2004. On average, 103 children are killed annually on farms (1990–1996). Approximately 40 percent of these deaths were work-related. In 2004, an estimated 27,600 children and adolescents were injured on farms; 8,100 of these injuries were due to farm work.

Research centers

Some US research centers are focused on the topic of health and safety in agricultural practices. Most of these groups are funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the US Department of Agriculture, or other state agencies. Centers include:

• Northeast Center for Agricultural Health, New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health, Cooperstown, NY
• Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
• The High Plains Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
• Southeast Center for Agricultural Health and Injury Prevention, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
• Southwest Center for Agricultural Health, Injury Prevention and Education, University of Texas, Tyler, TX
• Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, University of California, Davis, CA
• Pacific Northwest Center for Agricultural Safety & Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
• National Children's Center for Agricultural & Rural Health, Marshfield Medical Center, Marshfield, WI

See also

• 2010 United States tomato shortage
• Agribusiness
• Beekeeping in the United States
• Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms
• Fishing industry in the United States
• Genetic engineering in the United States
• Poultry farming in the United States
• Soil in the United States

External links

• United States Department of Agriculture