Uncle Sam
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Uncle Sam (initials U.S.) is a common national personification of the American government that according to legend came into use during the War of 1812 and was supposedly named for Samuel Wilson.[2] The first use of Uncle Sam in literature was in the 1816 allegorical book The Adventures of Uncle Sam in Search After His Lost Honor by Frederick Augustus Fidfaddy, Esq.
[edit] Before Uncle Sam
The earliest personification of what would become the United States was "Columbia" who first appeared in 1738 and sometimes was associated with Liberty. With the American Revolutionary War came "Brother Jonathan" as another personification and finally after the War of 1812 Uncle Sam appeared.
[edit] The evolution of Uncle Sam
Legend says Sam Wilson was a meat packer in New York, who supplied rations for the soldiers. They had to stamp their contractors name and where the rations were coming from, onto the food they were sending. On the package, it was labeled “E.A – US.” When someone asked what that stood for, a coworker joked and said “Elbert Anderson (the contractor) and Uncle Sam,” referring to Sam Wilson, though it actually stood for United States. As early as 1835 Brother Jonathan made a reference to Uncle Sam implying that they symbolized different things: Brother Jonathan was the country itself while Uncle Sam was the government and its power.[3]
By the 1850s the name Brother Jonathan and Uncle Sam were being used nearly interchangeably to the point that images of what had been called "Brother Jonathan" were now being called Uncle Sam. Similarly, appearance of both personifications varied wildly. For example, one depiction of Uncle Sam in 1860 depicted him looking like Benjamin Franklin,[4](an appearance echoed in Harper's Weekly's June 3, 1865 "Checkmate" political cartoon) while the depiction of Brother Jonathan on page 32 of the January 11, 1862 edition Harper's Weekly looks more like the modern version of Uncle Sam (except for the lack of a goatee)
However, even with the effective abandonment of Brother Jonathan (ie Johnny Reb) near the end of the Civil War, Uncle Sam didn't get a standard appearance until the well-known "recruitment" image of Uncle Sam was created by James Montgomery Flagg. It was this image more than any other that set the appearance of Uncle Sam as the elderly man with white hair and a goatee wearing a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.
The image of Uncle Sam was shown publicly for the first time, according to some, in a picture by Flagg on the cover of the magazine Leslie's Weekly, on July 6, 1916, with the caption "What Are You Doing for Preparedness?"[1][5] More than four million copies of this image were printed between 1917 and 1918.
While Columbia had appeared with either Brother Jonathan or Uncle Sam her use as personification for America had declined in favor of liberty and once she become the mascot of Columbia Pictures in the 1920s she was effectively abandoned.
Flagg's image also was used extensively during World War II during which America was codenamed 'Samland' by the German intelligence agency Abwehr.[6]
There are two memorials to Uncle Sam, both of which commemorate the life of Samuel Wilson: the Uncle Sam Memorial Statue in Arlington, MA, his birthplace; and a memorial near his long-term residence in Riverfront Park, Troy, New York.
Kevin Smith, a contestant on the show "Who Wants to be a Millionaire" won the top prize of $1,000,000 by correctly answering the question, "The U.S. icon 'Uncle Sam' was based on Samuel Wilson who worked during the War of 1812 as a what?" The answer was A: Meat inspector.
[edit] References
- ^ a b "The Most Famous Poster". American Treasures of the Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm015.html.
- ^ Schauffler, Robert Haven (1912) Flag day; its history Page 145
- ^ Morgan, Winifred (1988) An American icon: Brother Jonathan and American identity University of Delaware Press pg 81
- ^ Morgan, Winifred (1988) An American icon: Brother Jonathan and American identity University of Delaware Press pg 95
- ^ "Who Created Uncle Sam?". Life's Little Mysteries. Live Science. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081203113644/http://www.livescience.com/mysteries/080630-uncle-sam.html. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
- ^ Macintyre, Ben. Operation Mincemeat, p.57. ISBN 978-1-4088-0921-1
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Uncle Sam |
- Civil War Harper's Weekly newspapers
- Historical Uncle Sam pictures
- James Montgomery Flagg's 1917 "I Want You" Poster and other works (Internet Archive copy from 2004 October 28)
- What's the origin of Uncle Sam? The Straight Dope
- Images of a modern Uncle Sam promoting peace
- Royalty Free Photos of Uncle Sam
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