Bouvet Island

Bouvet Island Bouvetøya
Government		Dependent territory
-	Monarch of Norway	Harald V
-	Administration	Polar Affairs Department
Norwegian dependency
-	Claimed	1 December 1927
-	Annexed	23 January 1928
-	Dependency	27 February 1930
-	Nature reserve	17 December 1971
Area
-	Total	49 km2  19 sq mi
-	Glaciated	93%
Population
-	census	Uninhabited
Time zone		UTC+1
ISO 3166 code		BV
Internet TLD		.bv¹
1	Currently not in use.

Bouvet Island (Norwegian: Bouvetøya) is an uninhabited Antarctic volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 2,525 km south-southwest of South Africa. It is a dependent territory of Norway and, lying north of 60°S latitude, is not subject to the Antarctic Treaty. The centre of the island is an ice-filled crater of an inactive volcano, known as the Wilhelm II Plateau. It is the most remote island in the world.

Geography

Bouvet Island

Bouvet Island is located at 54°26′S 3°24′E. It is 49 km² (19 sq mi) in area, 93% of which is covered by glaciers, which block the south and east coasts. A number of rocks and very small satellite islands lie offshore, including Lars Island to the southwest.

The nearest land is Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, which is over 1,750 kilometres (1,090 mi) away to the south, and which does not have a permanent population but is the site of a Norwegian all-year research station. To the northeast, it is about 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) to Cape Town.

Bouvet Island has no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorages, and is therefore difficult to approach. Wave action has created a very steep coast. The easiest way to access the island is with a helicopter from a ship. The glaciers form a thick ice layer falling in high cliffs into the sea or onto the black beaches of volcanic sand. A shelf on the island's west coast formed between 1955 and 1958 due to lava and/or landslide action and provides a nesting site for birds and the site of an unstaffed weather station.The 29.6 km (18.4 miles) of coastline are often surrounded by pack ice. The highest point on the island is called Olavtoppen, and has a peak 780 m (2,559 ft) above sea level which was first climbed in 2012.

Despite being uninhabited, Bouvet Island has the unused Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .bv. It also has an amateur radio prefix, 3Y, and a few amateur radio expeditions have travelled to the island to use it^{[citation needed]}. There is no telephone country code or area code, no telephone connection (except through satellite) and no postal code nor postal distribution. Bouvet Island is, according to Norwegian law, in the UTC+01 time zone.

Flora and fauna

Bouvet Island

Because of the harsh climate and ice-bound terrain, vegetation is limited to lichens and mosses. Seals, seabirds and penguins are the only vertebrate fauna. As such the island is part of the Scotia Sea Islands tundra ecoregion, along with South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the South Shetland Islands and the South Orkney Islands. The island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports at least 12 species of breeding seabirds, especially large numbers of Southern Fulmars (20,000 pairs) and Black-bellied Storm Petrels (1000 pairs). Other birds that breed on the island include Chinstrap and Macaroni Penguins, Cape Petrels, Antarctic Prions, Wilson's Storm Petrels and Brown Skuas. Southern Elephant Seals and Antarctic Fur Seals also breed on the island. Humpback and Killer Whales are seen in the surrounding waters.

Climate

Bouvetoya has an ocean-moderated polar climate (Köppen ET), with temperatures not too far from 0 °C all year round.

Climate data for Bouvet Island
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	3 (37)	4 (39)	3 (37)	2 (36)	1 (34)	0 (32)	−1 (30)	−1 (30)	−1 (30)	0 (32)	1 (34)	3 (37)	1.2 (34.1)
Average low °C (°F)	0 (32)	0 (32)	0 (32)	0 (32)	−2 (28)	−4 (25)	−5 (23)	−5 (23)	−5 (23)	−3 (27)	−2 (28)	−1 (30)	−2.3 (28.0)
Source: CIA World Fact Book

History

Southeast coast of Bouvet Island, 1898

Aerial photo

Bouvet Island was probably discovered on January 1, 1739, by Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, who commanded the French ships Aigle and Marie. However, the island's position was not fixed accurately, having been placed eight degrees to the east, and Bouvet did not circumnavigate his discovery, so it remained unknown whether it was an island or part of a continent.

In 1772, Captain James Cook left South Africa on a mission to find the island. However, when arriving at 54°S 11°E, where Bouvet had said he sighted the island, nothing was to be seen. Captain Cook assumed that Bouvet had taken an iceberg for an island, and he abandoned the search.

The island was not sighted again until October 1808, when it was seen by James Lindsay, the captain of the Samuel Enderby & Sons whaler Snow Swan. Though he did not land, he was the first to fix the island's position correctly. Since this deviated greatly from the incorrect position previously recorded for Bouvet, it was initially assumed to be a different island and was named Lindsay Island. Only later was it established^{[citation needed]} that Bouvet and Lindsay must be the same.

Captain Benjamin Morrell of the sealer Wasp claimed to have landed on Bouvet in December 1822 to hunt for seals, but his account is disputed.

On December 10, 1825, Captain George Norris, master of the Samuel Enderby & Sons whalers Sprightly and Lively, landed on the island, named it Liverpool Island, and claimed it for the British Crown. Again, it was not known with certainty at the time that this was the same island found previously. He also reported sighting a second island nearby, which he named Thompson Island. No trace of this island now remains.

In 1898, the German Valdivia expedition of Carl Chun visited the island but did not land.

The first extended stay on the island was in 1927, when the Norwegian crew of the ship Norvegia stayed for about a month. The island was claimed for Norway by expedition leader Lars Christensen on 1 December 1927. By a Royal Norwegian Decree of January 23, 1928, Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya in Norwegian) became a Norwegian Territory. The United Kingdom waived its claim in favour of Norway the following year. In 1930 a Norwegian act was passed that made the island a dependent area subject to the sovereignty of the Kingdom (but not a part of the Kingdom).

In 1964, an abandoned lifeboat was discovered on the island although its origin has never been determined.

In 1971, Bouvet Island and the adjacent territorial waters were designated a nature reserve. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was some interest from South Africa to establish a weather station, but conditions were deemed to be too hostile. An automated weather station was, however, set up in 1977 by the Norwegians.

On September 22, 1979, a satellite recorded a flash of light (which was later interpreted as having been caused by a nuclear bomb explosion or natural event such as a meteor) in a stretch of the southern Atlantic Ocean between Bouvet Island and Prince Edward Islands. This flash, since dubbed the Vela Incident, is still not completely resolved.

In 1994, the Norwegians constructed a field station – a container building of 36 square metres (388 square feet). On October 19, 2007, the Norwegian Polar Institute announced that the station was no longer visible on satellite photographs. Later investigations indicated that a landslide or ice avalanche swept the building off its foundations. A replacement station is being planned (2009). An unmanned weather station on the island is reportedly still intact.

The Hanse Explorer visited Bouvet Island on 20 and 21 February 2012 as part of the « Expédition pour le Futur». Four climbers, Aaron Halstead, Will Allen, Bruno Rodi and Jason Rodi, were the first people to climb the 780 metre summit of the glacier capping the island. They left a time capsule at the summit containing visions of the future for 2062. Aaron Halstead led five others (Sarto Blouin, Seth Sherman, Chakib Bouayed, Cindy Sampson, and Akos Hivekoviks) to the summit on the following day.

Fiction

• Bouvet is the setting of the 2004 movie Alien vs. Predator, in which it is referred to using its Norwegian name "Bouvetøya" even though in the unrated edition of the film, a satellite focuses in on the island which is geographically situated in the approximate location of Peter I Island.
• The island figures prominently in the book A Grue of Ice (published in the US as The Disappearing Island), an adventure novel based on Tristan da Cunha, Bouvet, and the mythical Thompson Island, by Geoffrey Jenkins.
• Bouvet features in the novel Warhead by Andy Remic.
• Bouvet features in the novel Batmans Schönheit by Heinrich Steinfest.

See also

• .bv (Internet top-domain code for Bouvet Island)
• ISO 3166-2:BV, an ISO country code standard
• List of islands of Norway
• List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands

Further reading

• LeMasurier, W. E.; Thomson, J. W. (eds.) (1990). Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans. American Geophysical Union. pp. 512 pp. ISBN 0-87590-172-7. 

External links

Wikimedia Atlas of Bouvet Island

• Satellite map of Bouvet Island on BlooSee
• Information on Bouvet Island
• Bouvet Island entry at The World Factbook
• Bouvet Island - Bouvetøya
• Investigation into Bouvet's abandoned lifeboat mystery
• Bouvet Island at Infoplease
• 2000 Bouvet Island amateur radio expedition (3YØC)
• 1990 Bouvet Island amateur radio expedition (3Y5X)