Nestlé

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nestlé S.A.
Type Société Anonyme
Traded as SIX: NESN
Euronext: NESTS
OTC Pink: NSRGY
Industry Food processing
Founded Vevey, Switzerland (1866)
Founder(s) Henri Nestlé
Headquarters Vevey, Switzerland
Area served Worldwide
Key people Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (Chairman), Paul Bulcke (CEO)
Products Baby food, coffee, dairy products, breakfast cereals, confectionery, bottled water, ice cream, pet foods (list...)
Revenue € 69.6 billion (2011)[1]
Operating income increase € 10.4 billion (2011)[1]
Profit increase CHF 34.23 billion (2010)[1]
Total assets increase CHF 111.64 billion (end 2010)[1]
Total equity increase CHF 62.60 billion (end 2010)[1]
Employees increase 328,000 (2012)[1][2]
Website www.nestle.com

Nestlé S.A. (Euronext: NESTS) is the world's largest nutrition, health and wellness company. Founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlé originated in a 1905 merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1867 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé.

The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, eventually expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. About 28 of Nestlé's brands bring in more than 1 billion Swiss francs (about $ 1.1 billion) annually[3], such as Nespresso, Nescafé, KitKat, Smarties, Nesquik, Perrier, Vittel and Maggi. Nestlé is also one of the main shareholders of L'Oréal, the world's biggest Cosmetics and personal care company.[4]

In 2011, Nestlé was listed No. 1 in the Fortune Global 500 as the world's most profitable corporation.[5] The company has 449 factories, operates in 86 countries around the world, and employs over 328,000 people.

On April 23rd, 2012, Nestlé announced that they have agreed to acquire Pfizer Inc.'s infant-nutrition unit for $11.9 billion.[6]

Contents

[edit] History

Henri Nestlé.

The company dates to 1867 when two separate Swiss enterprises were founded that would later form the core of Nestlé. In the succeeding decades, the two competing enterprises aggressively expanded their businesses throughout Europe and the United States.

In August 1867 Charles (US consul in Switzerland) and George Page, two brothers from Lee County, Illinois, USA, established the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Cham, Switzerland. Their first British operation was opened at Chippenham, Wiltshire, in 1873.[7]

In September 1867 in Vevey Henri Nestlé developed a milk-based baby food, and soon began marketing it. The following year saw Daniel Peter begin seven years of work perfecting his invention, the milk chocolate manufacturing process. Nestlé's was the crucial cooperation that Peter needed to solve the problem of removing all the water from the milk added to his chocolate and thus preventing the product from developing mildew. Henri Nestlé retired in 1875 but the company under new ownership retained his name as Société Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé.

Nestlé headquarters in Vevey.

In 1877 Anglo-Swiss added milk-based baby foods to their products and in the following year the Nestlé Company added condensed milk so that the firms became direct and fierce rivals.

In 1905 the companies merged to become the Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, retaining that name until 1947 when the name Nestlé Alimentana SA was taken as a result of the acquisition of Fabrique de Produits Maggi SA (founded 1884) and its holding company Alimentana SA of Kempttal, Switzerland. Maggi was a major manufacturer of soup mixes and related foodstuffs. The company’s current name was adopted in 1977. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain. The First World War created demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts, and, by the end of the war, Nestlé's production had more than doubled.

After the war, government contracts dried up, and consumers switched back to fresh milk. However, Nestlé's management responded quickly, streamlining operations and reducing debt. The 1920s saw Nestlé's first expansion into new products, with chocolate-manufacture becoming the company's second most important activity.

The logo that Nestlé used until the 1970s.

Nestlé felt the effects of the Second World War immediately. Profits dropped from US$20 million in 1938, to US$6 million in 1939. Factories were established in developing countries, particularly in Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the company's newest product, Nescafé ("Nestlé's Coffee"), which became a staple drink of the US military. Nestlé's production and sales rose in the wartime economy.

The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestlé. Growth accelerated and companies were acquired. In 1947 came the merger with Maggi, a well-known manufacturer of seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby's (1971) and Stouffer's (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L'Oréal in 1974. In 1977, Nestlé made its second venture outside the food industry, by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc.

In 1984, Nestlé's improved bottom line allowed the company to launch a new round of acquisitions, notably American food giant Carnation and the British confectionery company Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, which brought the Willy Wonka brand - among others - to Nestlé.

The Brazilian president, Lula da Silva, inaugurates a factory in Feira de Santana (Bahia), in February 2007.

The first half of the 1990s proved to be favourable for Nestlé. Trade barriers crumbled, and world markets developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996, there have been various acquisitions, including San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers Petfoods (1998), and Ralston Purina (2002). There were two major acquisitions in North America, both in 2002 – in June, Nestlé merged its U.S. ice cream business into Dreyer's, and in August a US$2.6 billion acquisition was announced of Chef America, the creator of Hot Pockets. In the same time-frame, Nestlé came close to purchasing the iconic American company Hershey's, one of its fiercest confectionery competitors, although the deal eventually fell through.[8] Another recent purchase included the Jenny Craig weight-loss program, for US$600 million.

In December 2005, Nestlé bought the Greek company Delta Ice Cream for €240 million. In January 2006, it took full ownership of Dreyer's, thus becoming the world's largest ice cream maker, with a 17.5% market share.[9]

In November 2006, Nestlé purchased the Medical Nutrition division of Novartis Pharmaceutical for $2.5B, also acquiring, in 2007, the milk-flavouring product known as Ovaltine.

In April 2007, returning to its roots, Nestlé bought US baby-food manufacturer Gerber for $5.5 billion.[10][11][12]

In December 2007, Nestlé entered into a strategic partnership with a Belgian chocolate maker, Pierre Marcolini.[13] Nestlé agreed to sell its controlling stake in Alcon to Novartis on 4 January 2010. The sale was to form part of a broader US$39.3 billion offer, by Novartis, for full acquisition of the world’s largest eye-care company.[14]

On 1 March 2010, Nestlé concluded the purchase of Kraft's North American frozen pizza business for $3.7 billion.

In July 2011, Nestlé SA agreed to buy 60 percent of Hsu Fu Chi International Ltd. for about $1.7 billion.[15]

[edit] Products

Main article: List of Nestlé brands

Nestlé has some 6,000 brands,[16] with a wide range of products across a number of markets, including coffee (Nescafé, Nespresso, etc.), bottled water (Buxton, Perrier, Vittel, Aquarel etc.), milkshakes and other beverages (Nesquik, Milo, Carnation, etc.), chocolate (Milky Bar, After Eight, etc.), ice cream (Häagen-Dazs, Skinny Cow, etc.), breakfast cereals (Golden Nuggets, Shreddies, etc.), infant foods (now including Gerber products), performance and healthcare nutrition (Nesvita, PowerBar, etc.), seasonings, soups and sauces (Maggi, Buitoni, etc.), frozen and refrigerated foods (Findus, Lean Cuisine, etc.), confectionery (Rowntree products, Caramac, Wonka products, etc.), and pet food (Winalot, Felix).

[edit] Business

Japan headquarters
The Nestlé Tower in Croydon. This serves as their headquarters in the United Kingdom.
Brazil headquarters in Brooklin Novo, São Paulo.

[edit] Management

The executive board, a distinct entity from the board of directors, includes:

  • Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Nestlé S.A.
  • Paul Bulcke, Chief Executive Officer, Nestlé S.A.
  • Werner Bauer, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A., Chief Technology Officer, Head of Innovation, Technology, Research & Development
  • Friz van Dijk, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Asia, Oceania, Africa, Middle East
  • Chris Johnson, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. United States of America, Canada, Latin America, Caribbean
  • Jose Lopez, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Operations, GLOBE
  • John J. Harris, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Chairman & CEO of Nestlé Waters
  • Nandu Nandkishore, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. CEO of Nestlé Nutrition
  • James Singh, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Finance and Control, Legal, IP, Tax, Global Nestlé Business Services
  • Laurent Freixe, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Europe
  • Petraea Heynike, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Strategic Business Units, Marketing, Sales and Nespresso
  • Marc Caira, Deputy Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Head of Nestlé Professional Strategic Business Division
  • Jean-Marc Duvoisin, Deputy Executive Vice President Nestlé S.A. Head of Human Resources and Centre Administration
  • David P. Frick, Senior Vice President and ex officio Member of the Executive Board

According to a 2006 global survey of online consumers by the Reputation Institute, Nestlé has a reputation score of 70.4 on a scale of 1–100.[17]

[edit] Earnings

In 2009, consolidated sales were CHF 107.6 billion and net profit was CHF 10.43 billion. Research and development investment was CHF 2.02 billion.[18]

  • Sales by activity breakdown: 27% from drinks, 26% from dairy and food products, 18% from ready-prepared dishes and ready-cooked dishes, 12% from chocolate, 11% from pet products, 6% from pharmaceutical products and 2% from baby milks.
  • Sales by geographic area breakdown: 32% from Europe, 31% from Americas (26% from US), 16% from Asia, 21% from rest of the world.

[edit] Joint ventures

As of year end 2010, Nestlé held 29.7% of the shares of L'Oréal, the world's largest company in cosmetics and beauty.[1] The Laboratoires Inneov is a joint venture in nutritional cosmetics between Nestlé and L'Oréal, while Galderma is a joint venture in dermatology with L'Oréal. Others joint ventures include Cereal Partners Worldwide with General Mills, Beverage Partners Worldwide with Coca-Cola, and Dairy Partners Americas with Fonterra.

[edit] Ethical and sustainable efforts

In 2000, Nestlé and other chocolate companies formed the World Cocoa Foundation. The WCF was set up specifically to deal with issues facing cocoa farmers, including ineffective farming techniques and poor environmental management (disease had wiped out much of the cocoa crop in Brazil). The WCF focuses on boosting farmer income, encouraging sustainable farming techniques, and setting up environmental and social programmes.[19]

In October 2009, Nestlé announced its Cocoa Plan. The company will invest CHF 110 million over ten years to achieve a sustainable cocoa supply. On 23 October 2009, Nestlé and CNRA (the Ivorian National Centre for Plant Science Research), signed a frame agreement for cooperation in plant science and propagation, with a target of producing 1 million high-quality, disease-resistant cocoa plantlets a year by 2012. The aim is to replace old, less productive trees with healthier new ones.[20][21]

[edit] Controversy and criticism

[edit] Marketing of formula

Main articles: Infant formula and Nestlé boycott

One of the most prominent controversies involving Nestlé concerns the promotion of the use of infant formula to mothers across the world, including developing countries – an issue that attracted significant attention in 1977 as a result of the Nestlé boycott, which is still ongoing.[22] Nestlé continues to draw criticism that it is in violation of a 1981 World Health Organization code[23] that regulates the advertising of breast milk formulas. Groups such as the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) and Save the Children claim that the promotion of infant formula over breastfeeding has led to health problems and deaths among infants in less economically developed countries.[24][25] Nestlé's policy[26] states that breast-milk is the best food for infants, and that women who cannot or choose not to breast feed need an alternative to ensure that their babies are getting the nutrition they need.

[edit] Ethiopian debt

In 2002, Nestlé demanded that the nation of Ethiopia repay $6 million of debt to the company. Ethiopia was suffering a severe famine at the time. Nestlé backed down from its demand after more than 8,500 people complained via e-mail to the company about its treatment of the Ethiopian government. The company agreed to re-invest any money it received from Ethiopia back into the country.[27]

[edit] Melamine in Chinese milk

Main article: 2008 Chinese milk scandal

In late September 2008, the Hong Kong government found melamine in a Chinese-made Nestlé milk product. The Dairy Farm milk was made by Nestlé's division in the Chinese coastal city Qingdao.[28] Nestlé affirmed that all its products were safe and were not made from milk adulterated with melamine. On 2 October 2008, the Taiwan Health ministry announced that six types of milk powders produced in China by Nestlé contained low-level traces of melamine, and were "removed from the shelves". [29]

[edit] Greenwashing

A coalition of environmental groups filed a complaint against Nestlé to the Canadian Code of Advertising Standards after Nestlé took out full-page advertisements in October 2008 claiming that "Most water bottles avoid landfill sites and are recycled", "Nestlé Pure Life is a healthy, eco-friendly choice" and that "Bottled water is the most environmentally responsible consumer product in the world".[30][31][32] A spokesperson from one of the environmental groups stated: "For Nestlé to claim that its bottled water product is environmentally superior to any other consumer product in the world is not supportable".[30] In their 2008 Corporate Citizenship Report, Nestlé themselves stated that many of their bottles end up in the solid-waste stream, and that most of their bottles are not recycled.[31][33] The advertising campaign has been called greenwashing.[31][32][33]

[edit] Zimbabwe farms

In late September 2009, it was brought to light that Nestlé was buying milk from illegally seized farms currently operated by Robert Mugabe's wife, Grace Mugabe. Mugabe and his regime are currently subject to European Union sanctions.[34] Nestlé later stopped buying milk from the dairy farms in question.[35]

[edit] Palm oil use

Rapid deforestation in Borneo and other regions, in order to harvest hardwood and make way for palm oil plantations, releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.[36] In particular, where peat swamp forests are cleared, destroying the habitat for many threatened species of animals such as the orangutan, much public attention[37] has been given to the environmental impact of palm oil and the role of multinationals such as Nestlé in this.[38] There is ongoing concern by various NGOs including Greenpeace.[39]

On its official Facebook page, the company met with "a deluge of criticism from consumers, after a large number of Facebook users posted negative comments about the company's business practises."[40] Nestlé's attempt to engage with the issue met with criticism, including headlines stating: "Nestlé fails at social media",[41] and "Nestlé Loses Face On Facebook".[40] Nestlé Chairman, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, in answer to a question from Greenpeace, told the Company’s Annual General Meeting in Lausanne on 15 April 2010 that in 2009 Nestlé used 320,000 tonnes of palm oil worldwide, comparing this with the 500,000 tonnes of palm oil used for biodiesel in Germany and Italy alone.[42]

In May 2010, Nestlé said it was inviting The Forest Trust, a not-for-profit group, to audit its supply chain, and promised to cancel contracts with any firm found to be chopping down rainforests to produce the palm oil which it uses in KitKat, Aero and Quality Street. Greenpeace welcomed the agreement promising to monitor it closely.[43][44][45]

[edit] E. coli

In June 2009, an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 was linked to Nestlé's refrigerated cookie dough originating in a plant in Danville, Virginia. In the USA, it caused sickness in at least 69 people in 29 states, half of whom required hospitalization. Following the outbreak, Nestlé voluntarily recalled 30,000 cases of the cookie dough. How the dough became contaminated is unclear, because E. coli is not known to live in any of its constituent ingredients.[46]

[edit] Child labour

Main articles: Child labour, Children in cocoa production, and Harkin-Engel Protocol

The 2010 documentary The Dark Side of Chocolate[47] alleges that Nestlé purchases cocoa beans from Ivory Coast plantations that use child slave labour. The children are usually 12 to 15 years old, and some are trafficked from nearby countries.[48] The first allegations that child slavery is used in cocoa production appeared in 1998.[49] In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa in West Africa.[49][50][51] Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa.[52][53] In September 2001, Bradley Alford, Chairman and CEO of Nestlé USA, signed the Harkin-Engel Protocol (commonly called the Cocoa Protocol), an international agreement aimed at ending child labour in the production of cocoa.[54]

In 2005, after the cocoa industry had not met the Harkin-Engel Protocol deadline for certifying the worst forms of child labor (according to the International Labor Organization's Convention 182) had been eliminated from cocoa production, the International Labor Rights Fund filed a lawsuit in 2005 under the Alien Tort Claims Act against Nestle ant others on behalf of three Malian children. The suit alleged the children were trafficked to the Ivory Coast, forced into slavery, and experienced frequent beatings on a cocoa plantation.[55][56] In September 2010, the US District Court for the Central District of California determined corporations cannot be held liable for violations of international law and dismissed the suit. The case was appealed to the US Court of Appeals.[57][58]

A 2009 joint police operation conducted by INTERPOL and Ivorian law enforcement officers resulted in the rescue of 54 children and the arrest of eight people involved in the illegal recruitment of children.[59]

[edit] Water, Bottled Life

A 2012 documentary with the title "Bottled Life" critizises Nestlés practices concerning its water business. Nestlé originally set it aside with "The wrong film at the wrong time". According to the documentary, buying a truckload of water in the United States costs Nestlé 10 USD, which is then sold for USD 50,000.[60][61][62]

[edit] See also

Portal icon Companies portal
Portal icon Food portal

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Annual Results 2010" (PDF). Nestlé. http://www.nestle.com/Common/NestleDocuments/Documents/Library/Documents/Financial_Statements/2010-Financial-Statements-EN.pdf. Retrieved 17 February 2011. 
  2. ^ Nestlé, global info
  3. ^ [http://money.cnn.com/2010/07/02/news/companies/nestle_refreshes_brand.fortune/index.htm Money.cnn, Nestlé: Tailoring products to local niches , 2 july 2010]
  4. ^ Bloomberg, Nestle to Decide on L’Oreal in 2014, Chairman Brabeck Says, April 14, 2011
  5. ^ Global 500: Our annual ranking of the world's largest corporations, CNN, retrieved 20 April 2012
  6. ^ Bloomberg, Nestle to Acquire Pfizer Baby Food Unit for $11.9 Billion, April 23rd, 2012
  7. ^ 'Other industries', A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 4 (1959), pp. 220–253. Accessed: 14 August 2010
  8. ^ "Nestlé buys US ice cream firm". BBC News. 17 June 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2050788.stm. Retrieved 22 February 2007. 
  9. ^ "Nestlé takes world ice cream lead". BBC News. 19 January 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4627810.stm. Retrieved 22 February 2007. 
  10. ^ "Nestlé to buy Gerber for $5.5B". CNN. 12 April 2007. http://money.cnn.com/2007/04/12/news/international/bc.gerber.nestle.reut/index.htm?section=money_latest. Retrieved 12 April 2007. [dead link]
  11. ^ Media releases[dead link]
  12. ^ "Media releases". Novartis.com. 3 September 2007. http://www.novartis.com/newsroom/media-releases/en/2007/1150584.shtml. Retrieved 8 January 2010. [dead link]
  13. ^ Official press release: Nestlé enters into strategic partnership with Belgian luxury chocolate maker Pierre Marcolini. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  14. ^ Thomasson, Emma (4 January 2010). "Novartis seeks to buy rest of Alcon for $39 billion". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6030RK20100104. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 
  15. ^ "Nestle to Buy 60% Stake in Hsu Fu Chi for .7 Billion". Bloomberg. 11 July 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-11/nestle-to-buy-60-stake-in-chinese-snack-maker-hsu-fu-chi-for-1-7-billion.html. 
  16. ^ Kowitt, Beth (5 July 2010). "Nestlé". Fortune 162 (1): 20. 
  17. ^ (PDF) The Reputations of Switzerland Largest Companies:. Reputation Institute. 5 April 2006. http://www.reputationinstitute.com/press/06-04-06_Swiss_Reptrak_pr.pdf. Retrieved 22 February 2007. 
  18. ^ "Annual Report 2009" (PDF). Nestlé. http://www.nestle.com/Common/NestleDocuments/Documents/Library/Documents/Annual_Reports/2009-Annual-Report-EN.pdf. Retrieved 26 March 2010. 
  19. ^ "World Cocoa Foundation". Worldcocoa.org. http://www.worldcocoa.org. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  20. ^ "Nestlé". The Cocoa Plan. http://www.thecocoaplan.com/. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  21. ^ Blas, Javier (28 May 2010). "''Financial Times'': Falling cocoa yields in Ivory Coast, 28 May 2010". Ft.com. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/28e00036-67a0-11df-a932-00144feab49a.html. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  22. ^ Tran, Mark. "Blogs.guardian.co.uk". London: Blogs.guardian.co.uk. http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/businessinsight/archives/2005/09/01/branded.html. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 
  23. ^ . http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf. Retrieved 24 November 2010. 
  24. ^ "What is the Problem?". IBFAN. http://www.ibfan.org/site2005/Pages/article.php?art_id=23&iui=1. Retrieved 6 June 2007. 
  25. ^ A Generation On: Baby milk marketing still putting children’s lives at risk Save the Children report, May 2007 (pdf)
  26. ^ . New York. http://www.babymilk.nestle.com/. Retrieved 13 June 2010. 
  27. ^ Denny, Charlotte (20 December 2002). "Retreat by Nestle on Ethiopia's $6m debt". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/dec/20/marketingandpr.debtrelief. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
  28. ^ China milk scandal claims victim outside mainland (accessed 21 September 2008 12:14 AM)[dead link]
  29. ^ AFP. "Taiwan finds low levels of melamine in Nestle milk products". Channel News Asia. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/379798/1/.html. Retrieved 2 October 2008. 
  30. ^ a b "Nestlé bottled-water ads misleading, environmentalists say". CBC News. 1 December 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/consumer/story/2008/12/01/nestle-bottles.html. Retrieved 30 November 2010. 
  31. ^ a b c "Groups Challenge Nestlé’s Bottled Water Greenwashing". Polaris Institute. http://www.polarisinstitute.org/groups_challenge_nestl%C3%A9%E2%80%99s_bottled_water_greenwashing. Retrieved 30 November 2010. 
  32. ^ a b Anderson, Scott (1 December 2008). "Nestle water ads misleading: Canada green groups". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE4B06UJ20081201. Retrieved 30 November 2010. 
  33. ^ a b Dejong, Michael (24 March 2009). "Water, Water Everywhere". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-dejong/water-water-everywhere_b_177441.html. Retrieved 30 November 2010. 
  34. ^ "IOL.co.za – Nestle Defends Buying Milk from Mugabe Dairy". IOL.co.za. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?from=rss_News&set_id=1&click_id=79&art_id=vn20090928074015118C579440. Retrieved 28 September 2009. 
  35. ^ "Nestle shuts Zimbabwe milk plant citing harassment". BBC News. 23 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8428322.stm. Retrieved 23 December 2009. 
  36. ^ Harding, Andrew (16 November 2006). "Borneo fires 'catastrophe'". BBC news. http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6150000/newsid_6156600/bb_rm_6156676.stm. Retrieved 11 April 2010. 
  37. ^ For example, Dying for a Biscuit on BBC Panorama http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00r4t3s
  38. ^ The Telegraph newspaper claimed in 2007 that: "Vast swathes of pristine forest are disappearing in a slash-and-burn policy creating palm oil plantations to feed the demand of multi-nationals who accept no responsibility for the resulting degradation"
  39. ^ "Ask Nestlé to give the rainforest a break.". Greenpeace. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/climate-change/kitkat. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  40. ^ a b "Nestle Loses Face On Facebook". Freshbusinessthinking.com. 19 March 2010. http://www.freshbusinessthinking.com/news.php?NID=3951&Title=Nestle+Loses+Face+On+Facebook. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  41. ^ "Nestle fails at social media - Attempts to censor Facebook". TechEye. 19 March 2010. http://www.techeye.net/internet/nestle-fails-at-social-media. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  42. ^ "Nestlé chairman calls for a moratorium on deforestation" on Nestlé's website, which also outlines the steps Nestlé has taken to address the problem.
  43. ^ Tabacek, Kai (17 May 2010). "Nestlé uses NGO to clean up palm oil supply chain". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sustainable-business/nestl-ngo-clean-up-palm-oil-supply-chain. Retrieved 24 May 2010. 
  44. ^ Hickman, Martin (19 May 2010). "Online protest drives Nestlé to environmentally friendly palm oil". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/online-protest-drives-nestl-to-environmentally-friendly-palm-oil-1976443.html. Retrieved 24 May 2010. 
  45. ^ "Nestlé partners with TFT (The Forest Trust) to combat deforestation". Nestlé Press Office. http://www.nestle.co.uk/PressOffice/PressReleases/May/NestlePartnersWithTFT. Retrieved 24 May 2010. 
  46. ^ "E. Coli Confirmed In Nestlé Samples". About-ecoli.com. 30 June 2009. http://www.about-ecoli.com/ecoli_outbreaks/news/e.-coli-confirmed-in-nestle-samples/. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  47. ^ thedarksideofchocolate.org
  48. ^ Romano, U. Roberto & Mistrati, Miki (Directors) (16 March 2010) (in English). The Dark Side of Chocolate (Television Production). Denmark: Bastard Films. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1773722. Retrieved 28 Apr 2011. 
  49. ^ a b Sudarsan Raghavan and Sumana Chatterjee (24 June 2001). "Slaves feed world's taste for chocolate: Captives common in cocoa farms of Africa". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 17 September 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060917014323/http://vision.ucsd.edu/~kbranson/stopchocolateslavery/atasteofslavery.html. Retrieved 25 April 2012. 
  50. ^ "Combating Child Labour in Cocoa Growing". International Labor Organization. 2005. http://www.ilo.org/public//english//standards/ipec/themes/cocoa/download/2005_02_cl_cocoa.pdf. Retrieved 26 April 2012. 
  51. ^ David Wolfe and Shazzie (2005). Naked Chocolate: The Astonishing Truth about the World's Greatest Food. North Atlantic Books. p. 98. ISBN 1556437315. http://books.google.com/books?id=i2WeACR-WIYC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=bbc+documentary+children+chocolate+2000&source=bl&ots=0YShJcw7s9&sig=O3Qimse-Nc6xHW_Iu_nx_3KIcHE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_Y_qTvmNEe--2AWT-L2zCA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=bbc%20documentary%20children%20chocolate%202000&f=false. Retrieved 15 December 2011. 
  52. ^ Humphrey Hawksley (12 April 2001). "Mali's children in chocolate slavery". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1272522.stm. Retrieved 2 January 2010. 
  53. ^ Humphrey Hawksley (4 May 2001). "Ivory Coast accuses chocolate companies". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1311982.stm. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 
  54. ^ "Protocol for the growing and processing of cocoa beans and their derivative products in a manner that complies with ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labor". International Cocoa Initiative. 2001. http://www.cocoainitiative.org/images/stories/pdf/harkin%20engel%20protocol.pdf. Retrieved 25 April 2012. 
  55. ^ Tex Dworkin (12 February 2007). "Delicious idea: End child slavery by eating chocolate". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Delicious-idea-End-child-slavery-by-eating-1837193.php. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 
  56. ^ "On Halloween, Nestlé Claims no Responsiblity for Child Labor". International Labor Rights Forum. 30 October 2006. http://www.laborrights.org/stop-child-labor/cocoa-campaign/news/10993. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 
  57. ^ "Amicus Brief in Doe v. Nestle". EarthRights International. http://www.earthrights.org/publication/amicus-brief-doe-v-nestle. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 
  58. ^ Gwendolyn Wilber Jaramillo (19 September 2010). "Second Circuit Holds that Corporations are not Proper Defendants under the Alien Tort Statute". Foley and Hoag LLP. http://www.csrandthelaw.com/2010/09/articles/litigation/alien-tort-statute/second-circuit-holds-that-corporations-are-not-proper-defendants-under-the-alien-tort-statute/. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 
  59. ^ "Scores of children rescued from organized slave labour in INTERPOL-led operation conducted by Côte d’Ivoire police". INTERPOL. 3 Aug 2009. http://www.interpol.int/Public/News/2009/CotedIvoire20090803.asp. Retrieved 28 Apr 2011. 
  60. ^ «Bottled Life» wirft Licht auf Nestlés Geschäft mit dem Wasser, 23 Jan 2012.
  61. ^ "Bottled Life Nestlé's Business with Water". Doklab.com. http://www.doklab.com/projects/detail.php?lang=en&id=9. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  62. ^ Wie Nestlé der Welt das Wasser abgräbt, Grenchner Tagblatt, 16 January 2012.

[edit] External links

Switzerland Swiss Market Index companies of Switzerland
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nestlé&oldid=491382980"
Personal tools
Namespaces

Variants
Actions
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages