M-1 (Michigan highway)

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M-1 marker

M-1
Woodward Avenue

M-1 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Length: 21.488 mi[2] (34.582 km)
Existed: 1970[1] – present
Tourist
routes:

Automotive Heritage Trail All-American Road
Woodward Avenue Recreational Heritage Route

MotorCities National Heritage Area
Major junctions
South end: Adams Avenue in Detroit
 

I-94 at Detroit
M-8 at Detroit
M-102 at Ferndale

I-696 at Royal Oak
North end:
BL I-75 / BUS US 24 near Pontiac
Location
Counties: Wayne, Oakland
Highway system

Michigan State Trunkline Highway System
Interstate • US • State • Heritage Routes

← I-696 US 2 →

M-1, commonly known as Woodward Avenue, is a north–south state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of the US state of Michigan. The highway follows "Detroit's Main Street" from Detroit northwesterly to Pontiac. The street is one of the five principal avenues of Detroit, which also include Michigan, Grand River, Gratiot and Jefferson avenues. These streets were platted by Judge Augustus B. Woodward in 1805, namesake to Woodward Avenue. The avenue has been listed as the Automotive Heritage Trail, an All-American Road by the U.S. Department of Transportation, and it has been designated a Michigan Heritage Route by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). The roadway was also included in the MotorCities National Heritage Area designated by the U.S. Congress in 1998.

The trunkline is the dividing line between Detroit's East and West sides, providing access to some of the city's major freeways like Interstate 94 (I-94, Edsel Ford Freeway) and M-8 (Davison Freeway). Woodward Avenue exits Detroit at M-102 (8 Mile Road) and runs through the city's northern suburbs in Oakland County on its way to Pontiac. In between, Woodward Avenue passes through several historic districts in Detroit and provides access to countless businesses in the area. The name Woodward Avenue has become synonymous with Detroit, cruising culture and the automotive industry.

Woodward Avenue was created after the Detroit Fire in 1805. It followed the route of the Saginaw Trail, an Indian trail that linked Detroit with Pontiac, Flint, and Saginaw; with the Mackinaw Trail, the Saginaw also connected north to the Straits of Mackinac at the tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In the age of the auto trails, Woodward Avenue was also part of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway that connected Portland, Maine, with Portland, Oregon through Ontario in Canada. It was also a part of the Dixie Highway that connected Michigan with Florida. Woodward Avenue is home to the first mile (1.6 km) of concrete roadway in the country. When the state created the State Trunkline Highway System in 1913, the roadway was included, becoming part of M-10 in 1919. Later, it was part of US Highway 10 (US 10) after the creation of the United States Numbered Highway System. Since 1970, it has carried the M-1 designation.

Contents

[edit] Route description

Like other state highways in Michigan, the section of Woodward Avenue designated M-1 is maintained by the MDOT. In 2011, the department's traffic surveys showed that on average, 64,176 vehicles used the highway daily north of 11 Mile Road and 14,592 vehicles did so each day near Grand Boulevard, the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively.[3] All of M-1 north of I-75 is listed on the National Highway System,[4][5] a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[6] In addition to the sections of Woodward Avenue in Pontiac that are part of Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75) and Business US 24 (BUS US 24), all of M-1 is a Michigan Heritage Route and an All-American Road.[7] Woodward Avenue is also the divider between the East and West sides of the city of Detroit.[8]

[edit] Detroit and Highland Park

Merchants Row on Woodward between Grand Circus Park and Campus Martius Park in downtown Detroit, just south of the David Whitney Building

Woodward Avenue starts at an intersection with Jefferson Avenue next to Hart Plaza near Cobo Center and the Renaissance Center about 750 feet (230 m) from the Detroit River. The street runs north-northwesterly away from the river through the heart of downtown Detroit and the Financial District, passing several important and historic sites, including notable buildings and The Spirit of Detroit, a statue used to symbolize the city. Further north, Woodward Avenue passes around Campus Martius Park and enters the Lower Woodward Avenue Historic District, a retail, commercial, and residential district listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Further north, the avenue passes through the middle of Grand Circus Park; the northern edge of the park is bounded by Adams Avenue, which is where state maintenance begins.[7][9]

North of Adams Avenue, Woodward Avenue is a state trunkline designated M-1. The highway passes to the west of Comerica Park and Ford Field, home of the Major League Baseball Detroit Tigers and the National Football League's Detroit Lions, respectively. Woodward also passes the historic Fox Theatre before it crosses over I-75 (Fisher Freeway) without an interchange; access between the two highways is through the service drives that connect to adjacent interchanges. A six-lane street, the highway passes through mixed residential and commercial areas of Midtown including the Midtown Woodward Historic District, another district listed on the NRHP. South of I-94, Woodward heads through the Cultural Center Historic District, which includes the campus of Wayne State University, the Detroit Public Library, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.[7][9]

Woodward Avenue in Detroit

North of I-94, Woodward passes through New Center, near Cadillac Place, the former headquarters of General Motors. The neighborhoods on either side of the highway transition to mostly residential in nature north of New Center. Between the intersections of Webb Street/Woodland Street and Tuxedo Street/Tennyson Street, Woodward Avenue leaves the city of Detroit for the first time. It passes into Highland Park, a enclave within Detroit. It is within this city that M-1 intersects M-8, the Davison Freeway. Woodward passes over the urban depressed freeway at an interchange south of Highland Park's downtown business district. M-1 crosses that district and passes next to the historic Highland Park Ford Plant before returning to Detroit at the intersection with McNichols Road.[7][9] McNichols Road occupies the 6 Mile location in Detroit's Mile Road System.[10]

North of McNichols Road, Woodward Avenue widens into a boulevard, a divided street with a median. Traffic that wants to turn left onto M-1 has to do using a Michigan left maneuver using the U-turn crossovers in the median. Between McNichols and 7 Mile Road, Woodward Avenue passes to the east of the Detroit Golf Club in the Palmer Park area. North of 7 Mile, the highway passes to the west of the Michigan State Fairgrounds and to the east of the Palmer Woods Historic District. The northern edge of the fairgrounds is at M-102 (8 Mile Road), which is also where Woodward Avenue exits Detroit for the second time; the two boulevards cross in a large interchange instead of an intersection. [7][9]

[edit] Oakland County

Crossing the border into the suburb of Ferndale in Oakland County, the highway runs through residential neighborhoods but is lined with adjacent businesses. The intersection with 9 Mile Road marks the suburb's downtown area. Further north in Pleasant Ridge, the north-northwesterly path of Woodward Avenue changes as the road turns to the northwest. After the curve, M-1 meets I-696 (Reuther Freeway); immediately north of this interchange in Huntington Woods is the Detroit Zoo. North of 11 Mile Road, Woodward Avenue forms the border between Berkley to the west and Royal Oak to the east. The highway passes the Roseland Park Cemetery north of 12 Mile Road before crossing fully into Royal Oak. Near 13 Mile Road, the trunkline passes through a commercial district anchored by a shopping center and the Beaumont Hospital. North of 14 Mile Road in Birmingham, M-1 and Woodward Avenue leaves its original route, which is named Old Woodward Avenue, and runs to the west of it to bypass that suburb's downtown area. The highway crosses the River Rouge and returns to its original routing north of Maple (15 Mile) Road.[7][9]

North of Birmingham, Woodward crosses through part of Bloomfield Township for the first time before entering Bloomfield Hills. That suburb's downtown is centered on the intersection with Long Lake Road, and Woodward passes between a pair of golf courses north of downtown. The highway enters the south side of Pontiac's residential neighborhoods after crossing back into Bloomfield Township. At the intersection with Square Lake Road, M-1 terminates; Woodward Avenue continues northwesterly into Pontiac carrying the BL I-75 and BUS US 24 designations. Woodward terminates in downtown Pontiac after the two directions of the boulevard diverge and form a one-way loop around the city's business district.[7][9]

[edit] Cultural significance

[edit] Scenic and historic designations

Many historical sites are located along Woodward Avenue, which was included in the MotorCities National Heritage Area when it was created on November 6, 1998.[11] The road was designated a Michigan Heritage Route by MDOT in 1999.[12] and as a National Scenic Byway by the Federal Highway Administration National Scenic Byways Program on June 13, 2002.[13] That second designation was later upgraded to All-American Road on October 16, 2009.[14] The Federal Highway Administration has stated, "if Broadway = Theater and Rodeo Drive = High Fashion and Jewelry, then Woodward = the Automobile."[15] Other sources have called it the "Father Road" in contrast to U.S. Route 66's status as the "Mother Road".[16]

[edit] Entertainment, religion, and cars

Marquee of the Fox Theatre with the Central United Methodist Church in the background

Many of Detroit's most important entertainment fixtures are located on or near Woodward in downtown Detroit, including the Fox Theatre, Majestic Theater and the rest of the city's theater district. The street was home to the jazz clubs of the 1910s and 1920s. During World War II, the area was also home to 24-hour movie theaters and bowling alleys. Curfews across the river in Windsor, Ontario, meant that many patrons during the war years were Canadian in addition to the Americans who worked in the factories of the Detroit area. Later, nightclubs hosted a burgeoning music scene in the early days of rock 'n roll. Since the 1990s, the theatre district has undergone its own renaissance after renovations and improvements during the 1980s.[17]

The area around Woodward was once nicknamed "Piety Hill".[8] There are 22 churches on the NRHP along the street in Detroit and Highland Park.[18] The sounds of church bells and horse hooves were common along Woodward Avenue in the early 20th century. During the 1940s, ministers lobbied for a law to prevent the issuance of additional liquor licenses. The area, while known for churches, also had plenty of bars and even burlesque shows as late as the 1970s.[8]

Woodward Avenue's connection to Detroit's automobile culture dates back to the early 20th century. Around 100 automobile companies were born along the roadway.[8] Henry Ford moved production of his cars to the Highland Park plant adjacent to Woodward Avenue in 1910.[19] As early as 1958, the roadway was used for unofficial street racing. The wide width, median and sections lacking a large commercial presence attracted a reputation for the competition. The numerous drive-ins, each with its dedicated local teenaged clientele, were also popular. Woodward also had numerous car dealerships and automobile accessory shops in the age of the muscle car completed the formula for young adults to cruise, race and hang out along the road.[16]

[edit] Woodward Dream Cruise

Main article: Woodward Dream Cruise
Woodward Dream Cruise in 2007

The Woodward Dream Cruise takes place on Woodward Avenue between Pontiac and Ferndale during August. The annual event draws thousands of classic car owners and admirers from all over the United States and the world to the Metro Detroit area to celebrate Detroit's automotive history. The event evokes nostalgia of the 1950s and '60s, when it was common for young drivers to "cruise" with their cars on Woodward Avenue. The cruise was founded in 1995 as a fundraiser for a soccer field in Ferndale. Neighboring cities joined in, and by 1997, the auto manufacturers and other vendors sponsored the event.[16] An estimated one million spectators attended the 2009 event.[20]

[edit] History

[edit] Indian trails and plank roads

In 1701, the first transportation routes through what became the state of Michigan were the lakes, rivers and Indian trails. One of these, the Saginaw Trail followed what is now Woodward Avenue from the Detroit area north to Saginaw where it connected with the Mackinaw Trail north to the Straits of Mackinac.[21] Detroit created 120-foot-wide (37 m) rights-of-way for the principle streets of the city in 1805.[22] This street plan was devised by Augustus Woodward and others following a devastating fire in Detroit.[1] The wide width of the avenues was an emulation of the street plan for Washington, DC, and intended to make Detroit the "Paris of the West".[8]

Woodward Avenue, c. 1875, as a dirt street looking south to the Detroit River

The initial roadway to connect Detroit north to Pontiac along the Saginaw Trail was started in 1817 by laying down logs and filling in the gaps with clay or sand.[23] The territorial legislature authorized a survey of the roadway north to Pontiac on December 7, 1818, and the route was approved by Governor Lewis Cass on December 15, 1819;[24] the first to be done in the future state.[25] The Michigan Legislature authorized the construction of a private plank road with tolls to connect Detroit with Pontiac in 1848. By the next year, 16-foot-wide (4.9 m) and 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) oak planks were laid along the road from Detroit to Pontiac. Tolls were one cent per mile for vehicles and two cents for a herd of cattle. Tolls along some segments of Woodward Avenue remained in place as late as 1908.[26] In 1909, the first mile (1.6 km) of concrete roadway in the country was paved between 6 and 7 Mile Roads.[27]

[edit] State Trunkline era

On May 13, 1913, the Legislature created the state's highway system; Woodward Avenue was included as part of "Division 2".[28] The full length was paved in 1916.[1] The first crows nest traffic tower was installed at the intersection of Woodward and Michigan avenues on October 9, 1917.[27] The state signposted these highways in 1919,[29] and Woodward Avenue was assigned the M-10 designation.[30] The same year, the Dixie Highway was extended through Detroit to the Straits of Mackinac.[31] The crows nest was replaced in October 1920 with the world's first four-way traffic light.[27] On November 11, 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was approved;[32] the M-10 designation along Woodward was replaced with US 10.[33]

Legal disputes over Woodward Avenue dating back to 1874 were resolved in 1932. Permission was needed from a majority of the landowners along Woodward Avenue to finalize the deal. John W. Chandler pledged not to shave his face until he had the necessary permissions in hand. This resolution allowed Woodward to be widened from 66 to 120 feet (20 to 37 m). St. John's Episcopal Church was moved 60 feet (18 m) to avoid demolition.[1] Work started in 1933 and cost $7.5 million to complete.[26]

Looking south down Woodward Avenue from the Maccabees Building with the Detroit skyline in the distance, July 1942

A bypass of downtown Birmingham opened in late 1939 or early 1940, drawing through traffic away from the busy Woodward Avenue–Maple Road intersection. [34][35] The bypass was originally named Hunter Boulevard. In 1996, though, the bypass would be renamed Woodward Avenue, with the previous alignment of Woodward being signed as Old Woodward.[36][37] The last streetcar tracks were removed from Woodward Avenue in 1956. [8]

In 1970, US 10 was rerouted to M-10 (Lodge Freeway) and the portion of Jefferson Avenue between the Lodge and M-3 (Randolph Street). The M-1 designation was applied the portion of Woodward Avenue from Jefferson Avenue in downtown Detroit, to Square Lake Road along the southern border of Pontiac.[1] Woodward north of Square Lake Road was designated with business routes of US 10 and I-75. When US 10 was truncated to Bay City in 1986, the BUS US 10 portion of Woodward became BUS US 24.[38][39]

In the early 1980s, M-1 was truncated in downtown Detroit, as the Woodward Mall area was designated in the area around Cadillac Square.[40][41] At the end of 2000, MDOT proposed several highway transfers in Detroit. Some of these involved transferring city streets in the Campus Martius Park area under the department's jurisdiction to city control; another part of the proposal involved MDOT assuming control over a section of Woodward Avenue from Adams Avenue south to Grand River Avenue..[42] These transfers were completed the following year.[43][44] In 2004, however, the terminus was moved north three blocks to Adams Avenue.[45][46]

[edit] Future

Main article: Woodward Avenue Light Rail

The Woodward Avenue Light Rail line is a proposed light rail line that would run along Woodward Avenue from the transit center at Michigan Avenue north to the state fairgrounds. The Detroit City Council approved the sale of $125 million in bonds on April 11, 2011.[47] The line was approved by the Federal Transit Administration on August 31, 2011 with expected service to being in 2015.[48] In December 2011, the federal government withdrew its support for the proposed line, in favor of a bus rapid transit system which would serve the city and suburbs. This decision arose out of discussions between Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood, Detroit Mayor Dave Bing and Governor Rick Snyder. The private investors who supported the smaller three-mile (4.8 km) line to New Center stated that they would continue developing that project.[49]

Pontiac is reviewing proposals to revise the traffic patterns along the Woodward Avenue Loop through downtown. The loop was built in 1980 as Wide Track Drive, and it was designed to handle up to 150,000 vehicles per day. Three different proposals are being studied to change the traffic flow and reconnect Saginaw Street. The goal is to make the downtown area more accessible for pedestrian and bike traffic as well as to handle the actual traffic flow.[50]

[edit] Major intersections

County Location Mile[2] km Destinations Notes
Wayne
 Detroit 0.000 0.000 Adams Avenue
Woodward Avenue		 Southern terminus of M-1; Woodward Avenue continues to Jefferson Avenue
2.053–
2.065		 3.304–
3.323		 I-94 west (Edsel Ford Freeway) – Chicago No access to eastbound I-94; exit 215C on I-94
Highland Park 5.115–
5.127		 8.232–
8.251		 M-8 (Davison Freeway)
Wayne–Oakland
county line
 Detroit–Ferndale city line 8.453–
8.463		 13.604–
13.620		 M-102 (8 Mile Road)
Oakland
 Royal Oak 10.688–
10.700		 17.201–
17.220		 I-696 (Walter P. Reuther Freeway) – Lansing, Port Huron Exit 16 on I-696
Pontiac 21.460–
21.488		 34.537–
34.582
BL I-75 / BUS US 24 (Square Lake Road, Woodward Avenue)		 Northern terminus of M-1; Woodward Avenue continues into downtown Pontiac
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
     Concurrency terminus •      Closed/former •      Incomplete access •      Unopened

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e Baulch, Vivian M. (June 13, 1999). "Woodward Avenue, Detroit's Grand Old 'Main Street'". The Detroit News. ISSN 1055-2715. http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=205. Retrieved June 6, 2012. 
  2. ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (2009). MDOT Physical Reference Finder Application (Map). Cartography by Michigan Center for Geographic Information. http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/prfinder/. Retrieved June 4, 2012. 
  3. ^ Bureau of Transportation Planning‎ (2008). "Traffic Monitoring Information System". Michigan Department of Transportation. http://mdotnetpublic.state.mi.us/tmispublic/. Retrieved June 30, 2012. 
  4. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (2005) (PDF). National Highway System: City of Detroit (Map). Cartography by MDOT. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_NHS_City_of_Detroit_150609_7.pdf. Retrieved October 7, 2008. 
  5. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (2005) (PDF). National Highway System: Detroit Urbanized Area (Map). Cartography by MDOT. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_NHS_Detroit_150611_7.pdf. Retrieved October 7, 2008. 
  6. ^ Adderley, Kevin (August 26, 2010). "The National Highway System". Federal Highway Administration. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/nhs/. Retrieved January 1, 2011. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Michigan Department of Transportation (2012). State Transportation Map (Map). 1 in:2.5 mi / 1 cm:1.75 km. Section B9–F11, Detroit Area inset. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f Whitall, Susan (March 12, 2007). "Woodward Avenue: Michigan's Main Street". The Detroit News. ISSN 1055-2715. http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20070312/METRO/703120330/Woodward-Avenue--Michigan-s-Main-Street. Retrieved July 16, 2012. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f Google, Inc. Google Maps – Overview Map of M-1 (Map). Cartography by Google, Inc. //maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Woodward+Ave&daddr=42.40876,-83.09926+to:42.51908,-83.1872+to:I-75+BUS+S&hl=en&sll=42.334668,-83.05075&sspn=0.007645,0.007285&geocode=FQwDhgIdbL4M-w%3BFTgbhwIdhAEM-ynPpii-6c0kiDENtmiJGlWowg%3BFSjKiAIdAKoK-ymbcD6MPcYkiDEtvSaymdI_yg%3BFSgUigIdRn4J-w&t=h&mra=ls&via=1,2&z=11&lci=org.wikipedia.en. Retrieved July 16, 2012. 
  10. ^ Gavrilovich, Peter; McGraw, Bill (2000). The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City. Detroit: Detroit Free Press. pp. 20–1. ISBN 978-0-937247-34-1. 
  11. ^ "Nov 6, 1998: President Clinton designates 'Automobile National Heritage Area' in Detroit". This Day in History. The History Channel. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-clinton-designates-automobile-national-heritage-area-in-detroit. Retrieved April 23, 2012. 
  12. ^ Ballou, Brian (August 4, 1999). "Woodward Winner Storied Avenue Labeled a Michigan Heritage Road: Plans In Works For Continuous Identity From Detroit To Pontiac". Detroit Free Press: p. B1. ISSN 1055-2758. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1802540801.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+04%2C+1999&author=BRIAN+BALLOU&pub=Detroit+Free+Press&desc=WOODWARD+WINNER+STORIED+AVENUE+LABELED+A+MICHIGAN+HERITAGE+ROAD%3B+PLANS+IN+WORKS+FOR+CONTINUOUS+IDENTITY+FROM+DETROIT+TO+PONTIAC. Retrieved July 14, 2012.  (subscription required)
  13. ^ Dietderich, Andrew (April 19, 2004). "Woodward group to add members south of Eight Mile". Crain's Detroit Business (Detroit: Crain Communications). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-115692757.html. Retrieved July 15, 2012.  (subscription required)
  14. ^ Tamboer, Andrea (October 28, 2009). "Woodward Avenue (M-1) Gets All-American Road Designation". Detroit: Booth Newspapers. http://www.mlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2009/10/woodward_avenue_m-1_gets_all-a.html. Retrieved July 14, 2012. 
  15. ^ Staff. "Woodward Avenue (M-1) - Automotive Heritage Trail". America's Byways. Federal Highway Administration. http://byways.org/explore/byways/13754. Retrieved July 15, 2012. 
  16. ^ a b c Genat, Robert (2010). Woodward Avenue: Cruising the Legendary Strip. North Branch, MN: CarTech Books. pp. 15, 41, 90, 124–5. ISBN 978-1-032494-91-4. 
  17. ^ Whitall, Susan (March 27, 2007). "Woodward: Avenue of escape". The Detroit News. ISSN 1055-2715. http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20070327/METRO/108010004/Woodward--Avenue-of-escape. Retrieved July 16, 2012. 
  18. ^ Staff (January 23, 2007). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. Retrieved July 17, 2012. 
  19. ^ Ambrogio, Anthony; Luckerman, Sharon (2006). Cruisin' the Original Woodward Avenue. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 0-7385-4045-5. 
  20. ^ Anderson, Elisha (August 22, 2010). "Weather Blamed for Smaller Attendance at Dream Cruise". Detroit Free Press. ISSN 1055-2758. http://www.freep.com/article/20100822/NEWS13/100822026/1137/Weather-blamed-for-smaller-attendance-at-Dream-Cruise. Retrieved August 22, 2010. 
  21. ^ Mason, Philip P. (1959). Michigan Highways from Indian Trails to Expressways. Ann Arbor, MI: Braun-Brumfield. p. 4. OCLC 23314983. 
  22. ^ Lingeman, Stanley D. (April 6, 2001). Michigan Highway History Timeline 1701–2001: 300 Years of Progress. Lansing, MI: Library of Michigan. p. 1. OCLC 435640179. 
  23. ^ Geddes, Norman Bel (1940). Magic Motorways. New York: Random House [. p. 27. OCLC 751992. http://www.archive.org/stream/magicmotorways00geddrich#page/26/mode/2up. 
  24. ^ Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, MI: Priscilla Press. pp. 192–3. ISBN 1-886167-24-9. 
  25. ^ Staff (June 18, 2010). "Road & Highway Facts". Michigan Department of Transportation. http://www.michigan.gov/mdot/0,1607,7-151-9620_11154-129683--,00.html. Retrieved September 27, 2010. 
  26. ^ a b Gavrilovich, Peter; McGraw, Bill (2000). The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City. Detroit: Detroit Free Press. pp. 236–8. ISBN 978-0-937247-34-1. 
  27. ^ a b c Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, MI: Priscilla Press. pp. 243–4. ISBN 1-886167-24-9. 
  28. ^ Michigan Legislature (1915). "Chapter 91: State Reward Trunk Line Highways". In Shields, Edmund C.; Black, Cyrenius P.; Broomfield, Archibald. The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan, Volume I. Lansing, MI: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford. pp. 1868–72. OCLC 44724558. http://books.google.com/books?id=7kXiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1868&lpg=PA1868&dq=state+trunk+line+act+1913+-wikipedia&source=bl&ots=93fyhFZzbS&sig=wK9Sgvvo45bgeTcF-QU9yFVLnqk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P9geT4iwCcWL2AXQo5z3Cw&sqi=2&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage. Retrieved January 24, 2012. 
  29. ^ "Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin's Road Marking System". The Grand Rapids Press: p. 10. September 20, 1919. OCLC 9975013. 
  30. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan: Lower Peninsula (Map). Cartography by MSHD. 
  31. ^ "System of Roads Urged by Hoosier State Automobile Association". Fort Wayne News and Sentinel. August 27, 1919. OCLC 11658858. 
  32. ^ Weingroff, Richard F. (January 9, 2009). "From Names to Numbers: The Origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System". Highway History. Federal Highway Administration. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/numbers.cfm. Retrieved April 21, 2009. 
  33. ^ Bureau of Public Roads (November 11, 1926) (PDF). United States System of Highways (Map). OCLC 32889555. http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/misc-maps/1926us.pdf. Retrieved May 10, 2008. 
  34. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (December 1, 1939). 1939 Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally (Winter ed.). 
  35. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1940). 1940 Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally (Summer ed.). 
  36. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1996). Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). Detroit Area inset. 
  37. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1997). Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). Detroit inset. 
  38. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1986). Official Transportation Map (Map). Detroit Area inset. 
  39. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1987  ). Official Transportation Map (Map). Detroit Area inset. 
  40. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1981). Official Transportation Map (Map). 1 in:2.5 mi (1980–81 ed.). Section E5, Detroit Area inset. 
  41. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1982). Official Transportation Map (Map). 1 in:1.5 mi inset= Detroit Area. Section E5. 
  42. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (November 7, 2000) (PDF). Proposed Jurisdiction Transfers in the City of Detroit (Map). http://www.michiganhighways.org/etc/campusmartiusexhibit1.pdf. Retrieved January 12, 2012. 
  43. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (2001). Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). Detroit inset. 
  44. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (2002). Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). Detroit inset. 
  45. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (2004). Official Department of Transportation Map (Map) (2003–04 ed.). Detroit Area inset. 
  46. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (2005). Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). Detroit Area inset. 
  47. ^ "City Council Approves Detroit Light Rail Project". Detroit: WWJ-TV. April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2011/04/12/city-council-approves-detroit-light-rail-project/. Retrieved July 15, 2012. 
  48. ^ "Detroit's Woodward Ave. Light Rail Project Moves Forward, but Still Has Long Road to Completion". MLive Detroit (Booth Newspapers). September 6, 2011. Archived from the original on December 15, 2011. http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2011/09/detroits_woodward_ave_light_ra.html. Retrieved December 15, 2011. 
  49. ^ Helms, Matt; Egan, Paul; Gallagher, John (December 14, 2011). "Detroit Light-Rail Plan Is Dead: Buses Will Be Used Instead". Detroit Free Press. ISSN 1055-2758. 
  50. ^ Satyanarayana, Megha (June 11, 2012). "Pontiac Officials Plan Meetings on Woodward Avenue Loop Changes". Detroit Free Press. ISSN 1055-2758. 

[edit] External links

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