Ljubljana

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Ljubljana
—  City  —
View from the Ljubljana Castle towards the north

Flag
Coat of arms
Ljubljana is located in Slovenia
Ljubljana
Coordinates: 46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.05556°N 14.50833°E / 46.05556; 14.50833Coordinates: 46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.05556°N 14.50833°E / 46.05556; 14.50833
Country Slovenia Slovenia
Municipality City Municipality of Ljubljana
First mention 1112–1125
Town rights around 1220
Government
 • mayor Zoran Janković (Zoran Janković List)
Area
 • Total 163.8 km2 (63.2 sq mi)
Elevation[1] centroid: 295 m (968 ft)
Population (1 January 2011)[2]
 • Total increase 272,220
 • Density 1,662/km2 (4,300/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 1000
Area code(s) 01 (1 if calling from abroad)
Vehicle Registration LJ
Website www.ljubljana.si

Ljubljana (locally: [lʲubˈlʲana] ( listen); German: Laibach, Italian: Lubiana, Latin: Labacum or Aemona)[3] is the capital of Slovenia and its only centre of international importance.[4][5] It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. With approximately 272,000 inhabitants, it classifies as the only Slovenian large town.[5] Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of the Slavic world with the Germanic and Latin cultures.

For centuries, Ljubljana was the capital of the historical region of Carniola,[6] and in the 20th century it became the cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative centre of Slovenia, independent since 1991.[4] Its transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and cultural tradition are contributing factors to its leading position.

Contents

[edit] Name and symbol

The origin of the city's name is unclear. In the Middle Ages, both the river and the town were also known by the German name Laibach, which was in official use until 1918. For most scholars, the problem has been in how to connect the Slovene and the German names. A common folk etymology has traditionally connected the name to the Slovene word ljubljena 'beloved'.[citation needed] The origin from the Slavic -ljub 'to love, like' was in 2007 supported as the most probable by the linguist Tijmen Pronk, a specialist in comparative Indo-European linguistics and Slovene dialectology from the University of Leiden.[7] He supported the thesis that the name of the river derived from the name of the settlement.[8] The linguist Silvo Torkar, who specialises in Slovene personal and place names,[9] argued at the same place for the thesis that the name Ljubljana derives from Ljubija, the original name of the Ljubljanica River flowing through it, itself derived from the Old Slavic male name Ljubovid, "the one of a kind appearance". The name Laibach, he claimed, was actually a hybrid of German and Slovene and derived from the same personal name.[10]

The symbol of the city is the Ljubljana Dragon. It is depicted on the top of the tower of the Ljubljana Castle in the Ljubljana coat-of-arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing Dragon Bridge (Zmajski most), often regarded as the most beautiful bridge produced by the Vienna Secession.[11] It symbolises power, courage, and greatness.

There are several explanations on the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon. According to the celebrated Greek legend, the Argonauts on their return home after having taken the Golden Fleece found a large lake surrounded by a marsh between the present-day towns of Vrhnika and Ljubljana. It is there that Jason struck down a monster. This monster has become the dragon that today is present on the city coat of arms and flag.[12] It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George, the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity. According to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In Baroque, it became part of the coat of arms and in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements.

[edit] History

 This section lacks historical information on the subject. Specifically:
a) The recent excavations of the pre-Roman settlement remains and of the Emona fort.
b) The influence of the most prominent Ljubljana mayors (e.g. Ivan Hribar, Janković).
Please help to add historical material to help counter systemic bias towards recent information. (February 2012)
Ljubljana in the 18th century
Celebration during the Congress of Ljubljana, 1821
The 1895 Ljubljana earthquake destroyed much of the city center, enabling an extensive renovation program.
Ljubljana 1909 (Salvatore Spina) removed watermark.ogg
The oldest film recordings of Ljubljana (1909), with a depiction of streets, the Ljubljana tram, and a celebration. Salvatore Spina Company, Trieste.[13]

Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marshes in the immediate vicinity of Ljubljana were settled by people living in pile dwellings. Their archeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig, have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common nomination of six Alpine states.[14] These lake-dwelling people lived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Later, the area remained a transit point for numerous tribes and peoples, among them a mixed nation of Celts and Illyrians called the Iapydes and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci.[15]

Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona (Emona).[16] This entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris.[17] In 452, it was destroyed by the Huns under Attila's orders,[16] and later by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards.[18] Emona housed 5,000–6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during numerous battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were already connected to a drainage system.[16] In the 6th century, the ancestors of the Slovenes moved in. In the 9th century, the Slovenes fell under Frankish domination, while experiencing frequent Magyar raids.[19]

It was long thought that the first mention of Ljubljana dated to 1144. In 2002, however, an even older mention was found on a parchment sheet named Nomina defunctorum (Names of the Dead), which has been kept by the Udine Cathedral Archive. It dates from 1112 to 1125. It mentions the nobleman Rudolf of Tarcento, a laywer of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, who had bestowed a canon with 20 farmsteads beside the castle of Ljubljana (castrum Leibach) to the Patriarchate.[20][21][22]

When exactly Ljubljana acquired its town rights is not known,[23] but it was no later than 1220.[24] In the 13th century, the town was composed of three districts: Old Square (Stari trg), New Square (Novi trg) and "Town" (Mesto) (around the Romanesque church of Saint Nicholas).[23] The first-mentioned is thought to have obtained the right to hold a market at around 1200, which does not necessarily mean that it is the oldest district among the three.[23] The lords of Ljubljana Castle at the time were from the Spanheim family, whereas the surrounding agrarian estate belonged to different noblemen, even counts.[21][23]

In 1270, Carniola and in particular Ljubljana was conquered by King Ottokar II of Bohemia.[19] When he was in turn defeated by Rudolph of Habsburg,[18] the latter took the town in 1278.[19] Due to Rudolf's pledge, Ljubljana was under the administration of the Counts of Gorizia from 1279 till 1335, when it came under Habsburg rule again.[23] Renamed Laibach, it would belong to the House of Habsburg until 1797.[18] The Diocese of Ljubljana was established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became a cathedral.[19]

In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art. After an earthquake in 1511, it was rebuilt in Renaissance style and a new wall was built around it.[25] In the 16th century, the population numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke Slovene as their first language, with most of the rest using German.[25] Soon after the first book written in Slovene was published in Germany (Primož Trubar's Catechism, Tübingen 1550) the pedagogue Adam Bohorič had his three Slovene-language books, "Elementale Labacense oder Abecedarium der lateinischen, deutschen und slowenischen Sprache", his "Nomenclatura trium linguarum" and his "Otroshia tabla", printed in the Carniolan capital by Hans Mannel (Slovene: Janž Mandelc). By that time, the Protestant Reformation had gained ground in the city. Several important Lutheran preachers lived and worked in Ljubljana, including Primož Trubar, Adam Bohorič and Jurij Dalmatin, whose Slovene bible, however, was printed in German Wittenberg. Around the same time, the first secondary school, public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana.[25] In 1597, the Jesuits arrived in the city and established a new secondary school that later became a college. Baroque architecture appeared at the end of the 17th century as foreign architects and sculptors came in.[25]

The Napoleonic interlude saw Ljubljana as "Laybach" become, from 1809 to 1813, the capital of the Illyrian Provinces.[18][26] In 1815, the city became Austrian again and from 1816 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the Kingdom of Illyria in the Austrian Empire. In 1821 it hosted the Congress of Laibach, which fixed European political borders for years to come.[27] The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line was extended to Trieste.[26]

In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered a serious earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale. Some 10% of its 1,400 buildings were destroyed, although casualties were light. During the reconstruction that followed, a number of districts were rebuilt in Vienna Secession style.[26] Public electric lighting appeared in the city in 1898. The rebuilding and subsequent quick modernization of the city were led by the mayor Ivan Hribar.[26] In 1918, following the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.[18][28] In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of Drava Banovina, a Yugoslav province.[29]

In 1941, during World War II, Fascist Italy occupied the city, and on 3 May 1941 made "Lubiana" the capital of an Italian "Provincia di Lubiana" with the former Yugoslav general Leon Rupnik as mayor. After the Italian capitulation, Nazi Germany with SS-general Erwin Rösener and Friedrich Rainer took control in 1943[28] but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the occupying forces established strongholds and command centres of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia under Italy and the Home Guard under German occupation. The city was surrounded by over 30 kilometres (19 mi) of barbed wire to prevent co-operation between the underground resistance movement (Liberation Front of the Slovenian People) within the city and the Yugoslav Partisans (Partizani) who operated outside the fence. Since 1985, a commemorative path has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood.[30]

After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of Communist Yugoslavia, a status it retained until 1991, when Slovenia became independent. Ljubljana remained the capital of Slovenia, which entered the European Union in 2004.[28]

Ljubljana has been struck through its history not only by earthquakes but also by floods, the latest taking place in 2010.[31] Southern and western parts of the city are more flood-endangered than northern parts.[32]

[edit] Geography

Map of Ljubljana centre
The Šmarna Gora Hill, the highest hill in Ljubljana, with the peak Grmada reaching 676 m (2,218 ft)
Koseze Pond is used for rowing, fishing, and ice skating in winter.

The city, with an area of 163.8 square kilometres (63.2 sq mi), is situated in central Slovenia in the Ljubljana Basin between the Alps and the Karst. Ljubljana is located some 140 kilometres (87 mi) west of Zagreb, 520 kilometres (320 mi) northwest of Belgrade, 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Venice, 350 kilometres (220 mi) southwest of Vienna and 400 kilometres (250 mi) southwest of Budapest.[33] The extent of Ljubljana has changed considerably in the past 30 years, mainly because some of the nearby settlements have merged with Ljubljana.[34]

The city stretches out on an alluvial plain dating to the Quaternary era. The nearby, older mountainous regions date back to the Mesozoic (Triassic) or Paleozoic.[35] A number of earthquakes have devastated Ljubljana, including in 1511 and 1895.[27]

The centroid of Ljubljana has an altitude of 295 metres (968 ft)[1] The city centre, located along the Ljubljanica River, has an altitude of 298 metres (978 ft).[36] The Ljubljana Castle, which sits atop the Castle Hill (Grajski grič) south of the city centre, has an altitude of 366 metres (1,201 ft), and the highest point of the city, called Grmada, reaches 676 metres (2,218 ft), seven metres more than the nearby Šmarna Gora peak, a popular hiking destination.[37][38]

The main watercourses in Ljubljana are the Ljubljanica, the Sava, the Gradaščica, the Mali graben, the Iška and the Iščica Rivers. Next to the eastern border of the city, the Ljubljanica, the Sava, and the Kamniška Bistrica Rivers flow together.[39][40] The lowest point of Ljubljana, with an altitude of 261 metres (856 ft), is located at the confluence.[36]

There are two major ponds in Ljubljana.[41] The Koseze Pond is located in the District of Šiška and the Tivoli Pond is located in the southern part of the Tivoli Park.[42] The Koseze Pond is home to a number of rare plant and animal species and is a popular place of meeting and recreation.[43] The Tivoli Pond is a shallow pond with a small volume that was originally used for boating and ice skating, but has been abandoned over the years and is now used only for fishing.[44] Both are part of the Tivoli–Rožnik Hill–Šiška Hill Landscape Park in the western part of the city.[41]

[edit] Climate

Ljubljana's climate is Oceanic (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"), bordering on a Humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification Cfa),[citation needed] with continental characteristics such as warm summers and moderately cold winters. July and August are the warmest months with daily highs generally between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F), and January is the coldest month with the temperatures mostly oscillating around 0 °C (32 °F). The city experiences 90 days of frost per year, and 11 days with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). The precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the seasons, although winter and spring tend to be somewhat drier than summer and autumn. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in), making Ljubljana one of the wettest European capitals. Thunderstorms are very common from May to September and can occasionally be quite heavy. Snow is common from December to February; on average, there are 48 days with snow cover recorded each winter season. The city is known for its fog, which is recorded on average on 64 days per year, mostly in autumn and winter, and can be particularly persistent in conditions of temperature inversion.[45] In summer, the weather in the city is under the influence of Mediterranean air currents, so the summers are sunny and warm.

Climate data for Ljubljana
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14
(57)		 19
(66)		 23
(73)		 30
(86)		 31
(88)		 38
(100)		 39
(102)		 35
(95)		 31
(88)		 29
(84)		 20
(68)		 16
(61)		 39
(102)
Average high °C (°F) 2
(36)		 5
(41)		 10
(50)		 15
(59)		 20
(68)		 24
(75)		 27
(81)		 26
(79)		 22
(72)		 15
(59)		 8
(46)		 4
(39)		 15
(59)
Average low °C (°F) −4
(25)		 −4
(25)		 0
(32)		 4
(39)		 9
(48)		 12
(54)		 14
(57)		 14
(57)		 11
(52)		 6
(43)		 2
(36)		 −1
(30)		 5
(41)
Record low °C (°F) −27
(−17)		 −28
(−18)		 −16
(3)		 −5
(23)		 −3
(27)		 4
(39)		 7
(45)		 4
(39)		 1
(34)		 −2
(28)		 −11
(12)		 −15
(5)		 −28
(−18)
Precipitation mm (inches) 88
(3.46)		 89
(3.5)		 76
(2.99)		 98
(3.86)		 121
(4.76)		 133
(5.24)		 113
(4.45)		 127
(5)		 142
(5.59)		 151
(5.94)		 131
(5.16)		 114
(4.49)		 1,383
(54.45)
Avg. precipitation days 6.6 4.4 6.3 9.3 9.0 10.0 9.0 7.8 9.5 9.5 11.6 9.1 102.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46.5 84.8 127.1 162.0 210.8 222.0 260.4 229.4 162.0 114.7 57.0 37.2 1,713.9
Source no. 1: www.arso.gov.si[verification needed]
Source no. 2: Hong Kong Observatory.[46]

[edit] Cityscape

[edit] Architecture

Despite the appearance of large buildings, especially at the city's edge, Ljubljana's historic centre remains intact; there, Baroque and Vienna Secession styles mix. The city was strongly influenced by the Austrian fashion, in particular in the style of Graz and Salzburg.

After the 1511 earthquake, Ljubljana was rebuilt in a Baroque style following the model of a Renaissance city; after the quake in 1895, which severely damaged the city, it was once again rebuilt, this time in a Vienna Secession style. The city architecture is thus a mix of styles. The large sectors built after the World War II often include a personal touch by the Slovene architect Jože Plečnik.

Ljubljana Castle dominates the hill over the river Ljubljanica. Built in the 12th century, the castle (like the castle at Kranj) was a residence of the Margraves, later the Dukes of Carniola.[47] Aside from the castle, the main architectural works in the city are St. Nicholas Cathedral, St. Peter's Church, the Franciscan Church of the Annunciation, the Triple Bridge and the Dragon Bridge.

Near the Town Hall, on Town Square, is a replica of the Robba fountain, in Baroque style. The original has been moved into the National Gallery in 2006. Resembling the fountain on Rome's Piazza Navona, Robba's fountain is decorated with an obelisk at the foot of which are three figures in white marble symbolising the three chief rivers of Carniola. It is the work of Francesco Robba, who designed numerous other Baroque statues in the city. Ljubljana's churches are equally marked by this style that gained currency following the 1511 earthquake.[48]

For its part, Vienna Secession features prominently on Prešeren Square and on the Dragon Bridge. Among the important influences on the town was the architect Jože Plečnik, who designed several bridges, including the Triple Bridge, as well as the National Library.[49] Nebotičnik is a notable high-rise.

[edit] Main sights

 This section may not be warranted as a stand-alone section. Please attempt to diffuse its content into appropriate sections of the article. (April 2012)

[edit] Ljubljana Castle

Ljubljana Castle

Ljubljana Castle (Ljubljanski grad) is a medieval castle located at the summit of the hill that dominates the city centre. The area surrounding today's castle has been continuously inhabited since 1200 BC.[50] The castle's Outlook Tower dates to 1848; this was inhabited by a guard whose duty it was to fire cannons warning the city in case of fire or announcing important visitors or events, a function it still holds today.[50] Today, it is a tourist attraction. Cultural events and weddings also take place there.[51] Since 2006, a funicular has linked the city centre to the castle atop the hill.[52]

[edit] Saint Nicholas Cathedral

Saint Nicholas Cathedral

Saint Nicholas Cathedral serves the Archdiocese of Ljubljana. Easily identifiable due to its green dome and twin towers, it is located on Cyril and Methodius Square (Ciril-Metodov trg) by the nearby Ljubljana Central Market and the Town Hall.[53] The Diocese of Ljubljana was set up in 1461.[53] Between 1701 and 1706, the Jesuit architect Andrea Pozzo designed the Baroque church with two side chapels shaped in the form of a Latin cross.[53] The dome was built in the centre in 1841.[53] The interior is decorated with Baroque frescos painted by Giulio Quaglio between 1703–1706 and 1721-1723.[53] In the 20th century, a historical depiction of Slovene history to commemorate 1250th anniversary of Christianity in Slovenia

[edit] Dragon Bridge

The Dragon Bridge (Zmajski most) was built between 1900 and 1901, when the city was part of Austria-Hungary. Designed by a Dalmatian architect who studied in Vienna and built by an Austrian engineer, the bridge is considered one of the finest works in the Vienna Secession style.[11][54] Some residents nicknamed the bridge "mother-in-law" in reference to the fearsome dragons on its four corners.[55]

[edit] Čop Street

Čop Street, seen from the Prešeren Statue

Čop Street (Čopova ulica) is a major thoroughfare in the center of Ljubljana. The street is named after Matija Čop, an early 19th-century literary figure and close friend of the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren. It leads from the Main Post Office (Glavna pošta) on Slovenian Street (Slovenska cesta) to Prešeren Square (Prešernov trg) and is lined with bars and stores, including the oldest McDonald's restaurant in Slovenia. It is a pedestrian zone is and regarded as the capital's central promenade.

[edit] Congress Square

Congress Square is one of the most important centres of the city. It was built in 1821 for ceremonial purposes such as Congress of Ljubljana after which it was named. Since then it became an important centre for political ceremonies, demonstrations and protests, such as the ceremony at creation of Kingdom of Yugoslavia, ceremony of liberation of Belgrade, protests against Yugoslav authority in 1988 etc. The square also houses several important buildings, such as University of Ljubljana, Slovenian Philharmonic, Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity, Slovenska matica. In 2010 and 2011 it has been heavily renovated and is now mostly closed to road traffic on ground area, however there are five floors for commercial purposes and a parking lot located underground.[56]

[edit] Tivoli Park

Jakopič Promenade in Tivoli Park

The Tivoli Park (Park Tivoli) is the largest park in Ljubljana.[57][58] The park was designed in 1813 by the French engineer Jean Blanchard and now covers approximately 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi).[57] The park was laid out during the French imperial administration of Ljubljana in 1813 and named after the Parisian Jardins de Tivoli.[57] At the edge of Tivoli Park is a fish pond, dating back to 1880. On one side of the pond is a small botanic garden, on the other side is a children's playground. Between 1921 and 1939, it was renovated by the Slovene architect Jože Plečnik, who designed a broad central promenade, called the Jakopič Promenade (Jakopičevo sprehajališče) after the leading Slovene impressionist painter Rihard Jakopič.[57][58] It has three main avenues, planted with chestnut-trees. Within the park, there are different types of trees, flower gardens, several statues, and fountains.[57][58] Several notable buildings stand in the Park, among them the Tivoli Castle, the National Museum of Contemporary History and the Tivoli Sports Hall.[57]

[edit] Butchers' Bridge

Sculpture on Butcher's Bridge

The Butchers' Bridge (Mesarski most) is a footbridge crossing the river Ljubljanica. It connects Ljubljana Central Market and the Petkovšek embankment. It is decorated with the works by the Slovenian sculptor Jakov Brdar and completes the plans of the Slovene architect Jože Plečnik from the 1930s. It was officially opened on July 10, 2010.

Shortly after the opening of the bridge padlocks of couples in love started appearing on its steel wires, symbolizing declarations of eternal love, a phenomenon similar to the one on the Parisian Pont des Arts.

[edit] Demographics

 This section may stray from the topic of the article into the topic of another article, City Municipality of Ljubljana. Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. (December 2010)

In 1869, Ljubljana had about 22,600 inhabitants,[59] a figure that grew to almost 60,000 by 1931.[28]

At the 2002 census, 39.2% of Ljubljana residents were Roman Catholic; 30.4% were believers who did not belong to a religion, unknown or did not reply; 19.2% were atheist; 5.5% were Eastern Orthodox; 5.0% were Muslim; and the remaining 0.7% were Protestant or belonged to other religions.[60]

Around 84% of the population speak Slovene as their native language. The second most-spoken language is Bosnian, with Serbian holding third place.[61]

Demographic evolution[59][62][63][64]

1600 1700 1754 1800 1846 1869 1880 1890 1900 1910 1921 1931 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2010
6,000 7,500 9,400 10,000 18,000 22,593 26,284 30,505 36,547 41,727 53,294 59,768 98,599 113,340 135,366 173,853 224,817 258,873 267,008 271,885

[edit] Government

The city of Ljubljana is governed by the City Municipality of Ljubljana (MOL), which is led by the city council. The president of the city council is called mayor. Members of the city council and the mayor are elected in the local election, held every four years. Among other roles, the city council drafts the municipal budget, and is assisted by various boards active in the fields of health, sports, finances, education, environmental protection and tourism.[65] The municipality is subdivided into 17 districts represented by district councils. They work with the municipality council to make known residents' suggestions and prepare activities in their territories.[66][67].

Between 2002 and 2006, Danica Simšič was mayor of the municipality.[68] Since the municipal elections of 22 October 2006 until his confirmation as a deputy in the National Assembly of Slovenian in December 2011, Zoran Janković, previously the managing director of the Mercator retail chain, was the mayor of Ljubljana. In 2006, he won 62.99% of the popular vote.[69] On 10 October 2010, Janković was re-elected for another four-year term with 64,79% of the vote. From 2006 till October 2010, the majority on the city council (the Zoran Janković List) held 23 of 45 seats.[69] On 10 October 2010, Janković's list won 25 out of 45 seats in the city council. From December 2011 onwards, when Janković's list won the early parliamentary election, the deputy mayor Aleš Čerin was decided by him to lead the municipality. Čerin did not hold the post of mayor.[70] After Janković had failed to be elected as the Prime Minister in the National Assembly, he participated at the mayoral by-election on 25 March 2012 and was elected for the third time with 61% of the vote. He retook the leadership of the city council on 11 April 2012.[71]

Public order in Ljubljana is enforced by the Ljubljana Police Directorate (Policijska uprava Ljubljana).[72] There are five areal police stations and four sectoral police stations in Ljubljana.[73] Public order and municipal traffic regulations are also supervised by the city traffic wardens (Mestno redarstvo).[74] Ljubljana has a quiet and secure reputation.[75][73]

[edit] Economy

World Trade Center Ljubljana

Industry remains the most important employer, notably in the pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and food processing.[27] Other fields include banking, finance, transport, construction, skilled trades and services and tourism. The public sector provides jobs in education, culture, health care and local administration.[27]

The Ljubljana Stock Exchange (Ljubljanska borza), purchased in 2008 by the Vienna Stock Exchange,[76] deals with large Slovenian companies. Some of these have their headquarters in the capital: for example, the retail chain Mercator, the oil company Petrol d.d. and the telecommunications concern Telekom Slovenije.[77] Over 15,000 enterprises operate in the city, most of them in the tertiary sector.[78]

Numerous companies and over 450 shops are located in the BTC City, the largest business, shopping, recreational, entertainment and cultural centre in Europe. It is visited each year by 21 million people.[79][80] It occupies an area of 475,000 square metres (5,110,000 sq ft) in the Moste District in the eastern part of Ljubljana.[81][82][83]

[edit] Culture

[edit] Alternative scene

The Barn, part of the cultural centre at Metelkova Street

A revival of culture started in Ljubljana with the emergence of subcultures in 1980s, organised around two student organisations, the Students' Cultural and Art Centre (ŠKUC) and the Students' Cultural Forum Society (ŠKD Forum).[84] This caused an influx of young people to the city centre, caused political and social changes, and led to the establishment of new art centres.[85] On Metelko Street (Metelkova ulica) there is a social centre dedicated to alternative culture, set up in a renovated former Austro-Hungarian barracks.[86] This lively street has numerous clubs and concert halls that play various types of music, mainly alternative rock. The Museum of Contemporary Art, a part of the Museum of Modern Art, has been opened to the public on Metelko Street since 26 November 2011.[87] Another alternative culture centre is located in the former Rog factory. In addition, the Kino Šiška Centre for Urban Culture and a few other cultural organisations in the Šiška Cultural Quarter form a venue for alternative music performances and other avant-garde arts.

[edit] Entertainment and performing arts

The front of the Opera and Ballet Theatre
The Slovenian National Theatre

The Slovenian Philharmonics is the central music institution in Ljubljana and Slovenia. It organises classical music concerts of domestic and foreign performers as well as educates youth. It was established in 1701 as part of Academia operosorum Labacensis and is among the oldest such institutions in Europe. The Slovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre also resides in Ljubljana, presenting a wide variety of domestic and foreign, modern and classic, opera, ballet and concert works. It serves as the national opera and ballet house. Numerous music festivals are held in Ljubljana, chiefly in European classical music and jazz, for instance the Ljubljana Summer Festival (Ljubljanski poletni festival), and Trnfest.

Theatre and dance have a rich tradition in Ljubljana. Independent theatre production started in Ljubljana in 1960s and reached a climax in 1980s. In addition to the main houses, with the SNT Drama Ljubljana as the most important among them, a number of small producers are active, involved primarily in physical theatre (e.g. Betontanc) and street theatre (e.g. Ana Monró Theatre). A popular form is puppetry, mainly performed in the Ljubljana Puppet Theatre. The modern dance was presented in Ljubljana for the first time at the end of the 19th century and developed rapidly since the end of 1920s. It has been intimately linked to the development in Europe and the United States. The premises of the Ljubljana Dance Theatre are the only venue dedicated to contemporary dance in Ljubljana. Despite this, there's a vivid happening in the field. Several folk dance groups are active in the city too.

The cinema in Ljubljana appeared for the first time at the turn of the 20th century, and quickly gained popularity among the residents. After World War II, the Cinema Company Ljubljana, later named Ljubljana Cinematographers, was established and managed a number of already functioning movie theaters in Ljubljana, including the only Yugoslav children's theater. A number of cinema festivals took place in 1960s, and a cinematheque opened its doors in 1963. With the advent of television, video, and recently the Internet, most cinema theaters in Ljubljana closed, and the cinema mainly moved to Kolosej, a multiplex in the BTC City. It features twelve screens, including an IMAX 3D screen. The remaining theaters are Kino Komuna, Kinodvor, where art movies are accompanied by events, and the Slovenian Cinematheque.

Each year, over 10,000 cultural events take place in the city. Among these are ten international festivals of theatre, music and art generally.[27] The main cultural venues are Križanke, the Cankar Hall, and the Exhibition and Convention Centre. During the Week of the Book, starting each year on the World Book Day, events and book selling take place at Congress Square. On the eve of the International Workers' Day, a celebration with a bonfire takes place on the Rožnik Hill. An antique flea market takes place every Sunday in the old city.[88]

[edit] Museums and art galleries

The front of the Museum of Modern Art

Ljubljana has numerous art galleries and museums. In 2010, there were 14 museums and 56 art galleries in Ljubljana.[89] There is for example an architecture museum, a railway museum, a sports museum, a museum of modern art, a museum of contemporary art, a brewery museum, the Slovenian Museum of Natural History and the Slovene Ethnographic Museum.[88] The National Gallery (Narodna galerija), founded in 1918,[28] and the Museum of Modern Art (Moderna galerija) exhibit the most influential Slovenian artists. In 2006, the museums received 264,470 visitors, the galleries 403,890 and the theatres 396,440.[89]

[edit] Sports

Ljubljana Marathon, 2006
The Tacen Whitewater Course on the Sava

Ljubljana's ice hockey clubs are HD HS Olimpija, ŠD Alfa, HK Slavija and HDD Olimpija Ljubljana. They all compete in the Slovenian Hockey League; HDD Olimpija Ljubljana also takes part in the Austrian Hockey League.[90] The basketball teams are KD Slovan, ŽKD Ježica Ljubljana and KK Union Olimpija. The latter, which has a green dragon as its mascot, hosts its matches in the 13,000-seat Arena Stožice since 2010.

The city's football teams which play in the Slovenian PrvaLiga are Interblock Ljubljana[91] and NK Olimpija Ljubljana. There are two stadiums in the city. Bežigrad Stadium, which was built according to the plans of Jože Plečnik and is closed since 2008, was the home of the NK Olimpija Ljubljana dissolved in 2004. The much larger Stožice Stadium, opened since August 2010 and located in Stožice Sports Park, is the home of the NK Olimpija Ljubljana established in 2005, and the main stadium of the Slovenia national football team.

Each year since 1957, on 8–10 May, the traditional recreational March along the Path of Remembrance and Comradeship has taken place to mark the liberation of Ljubljana on 9 May 1945.[92] The last Sunday in October, the Ljubljana Marathon is run on the city streets. It attracts several thousand runners each year.[93]

The Tacen Whitewater Course, located on a polygon on the Sava, eight kilometers northwest of the city centre, hosts a major international canoe/kayak slalom competition almost every year, examples being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955, 1991, and 2010.[94]

Ski sports started to develop in the area of the nowadays Ljubljana already before World War II.[95] Since the 1940s,[95] a ski slope has been in use in Gunclje,[96] in the northwestern part of the city.[97] It is 600 metres (2,000 ft) long and has two ski lifts, its maximum incline is 60° and the difference in height from the top to the bottom is 155 metres (509 ft).[96] Five ski jumping hills stand near the ski slope.[95] Several Slovenian Olympic and World Cup medalists trained and competed there.[95][98] In addition, the Arena Triglav complex of six jumping hills is located in the Šiška District.[99][100]

[edit] Education

[icon] This section requires expansion.
The main building of the University of Ljubljana, formerly the seat of the Carniolan Parliament

Students make up one-seventh of Ljubljana's population, giving the city a youthful character.[101][102] The University of Ljubljana, Slovenia's most important and Ljubljana's only university, was founded in 1919.[28][101] On foundation, the University comprised five faculties: law, philosophy, technology, theology and medicine. The seat of the university was in the central Congress Square of Ljubljana in a building that had served as the State Mansion of Carniola from 1902 to 1918. The building was first designed in 1902 by Jan Vladimír Hráský, and was later remodelled by a Czech architect from Vienna, Josip Hudetz. As of 2010, it has 23 faculties and three academies. These offer Slovene-language courses in (among other subjects) medicine, applied sciences, arts, law and administration.[103] The university has close to 64,000 students and some 3,500 teaching faculty.[101]

In 2004, the National and University Library of Slovenia, located in Ljubljana, had 1,169,090 books in all.[89] In 2006, the 55 primary schools had 20,802 pupils and the 32 secondary schools had 25,797.[89][101]

[edit] Science

[icon] This section requires expansion.

The first society of the leading scientists and public workers in Carniola was the Dismas Fraternity (Latin:Societas Unitorum), formed in Ljubljana in 1688.[104] In 1693, the Academia Operosorum Labacensium was founded and lasted with an interruption till the end of the 18th century. The next academy in Ljubljana has been the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, established only in 1938.

[edit] Transport

Ljubljana Bus Station and the building of the Ljubljana Railway Station in the background
Railway near the central workshop in Moste
Tram 13, Zalog Street
Bicycles in Ljubljana

[edit] Air

Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport (IATA code LJU), located 26 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of the city, has flights to numerous European destinations. Among the companies that fly from there are Adria Airways, Air France, Brussels Airlines, EasyJet and Finnair. The destinations are mainly European.[105] This airport has superseded the original Ljubljana airport, in operation from 1933 until 1963.[106][107] It was located in the Municipality of Polje (nowadays the Moste District), on a plain between Ljubljanica and Sava next to the railroad in Moste.[107] There was a military airport in Šiška from 1918 till 1929.[108]

[edit] Rail

In the Ljubljana Rail Hub, the Pan-European railway corridors V (the fastest link between the North Adriatic, and Central and Eastern Europe)[109] and X (linking Central Europe with the Balkans)[110] and the main European lines (E 65, E 69, E 70) intersect.[111] All international transit trains in Slovenia drive through the Ljubljana hub, and all international passenger trains stop there.[112] The area of Ljubljana comprises six passenger stations and nine stops.[113] For passengers, the Slovenian Railways company offers the possibility to buy a daily or monthly city pass that can be used to travel between them.[114] The Ljubljana railway station is the central station of the hub. The Ljubljana Moste Railway Station is the largest Slovenian railway dispatching place. The Ljubljana Zalog Railway Station is the central Slovenian switchyard.[112] There are a number of industrial rails in Ljubljana.[115] At the end of 2006,[116] the Ljubljana Castle funicular started to operate. The rail goes from Krek Square (Krekov trg) near the Ljubljana Central Market to Ljubljana Castle. It is especially popular among tourists. The full trip lasts 60 s.

[edit] Roads

Ljubljana is located in the center of the Slovenian motorway cross,[117] which comprises the motorway route heading from east to west, in line with the Pan-European Corridor V, and the motorway route heading in the north–south direction, in line with the Pan-European Corridor X.[118] The city is linked to the southwest by the A1-E70 to the Italian cities of Trieste and Venice and the Croatian port of Rijeka.[119] To the north, A1-E57 leads to Maribor, Graz and Vienna. To the east, A2-E70 links it with the Croatian capital Zagreb, from where one can go to Hungary or important cities of the former Yugoslavia, such as Belgrade.[119] To the northwest, A2-E61 goes to the Austrian towns of Klagenfurt and Salzburg, making it an important entry point for northern European tourists.[119] A toll sticker system has been in use on the Ljubljana Ring Road since 1 July 2008.[120][121] The center of the city is more difficult to access especially in the peak hours due to long arteries with traffic lights and a large number of daily commuters.[122] The strict city center has been closed for motor traffic since September 2007, except for residents with permissions.

The public motorised road transport in Ljubljana was originally a tram system completed in 1901.[123] It was in use from September 1901 until July 1928, when it was replaced with buses. Due to the financial loss of the bus traffic, the buses were abolished in 1930 and replaced with trams in 1931.[123] In the post World War II era, the tram system was taken out of service, as it took up a lot of space in an era when automobiles were becoming increasingly more important.[124] In Ljubljana, the tram's end came in December 1958.[124] In its final years, the system reached length of over 21 kilometers.[citation needed] Soon after the last day of operation, the tracks were dismantled and the cars were transferred to Osijek and Subotica.[citation needed] There are plans to reintroduced the tram lines in the future.

The city bus network, run by the Ljubljana Passenger Transport (LPP) company, is Ljubljana's most used means of public transport. The fleet is relatively modern. The number of dedicated bus lines is limited, which can cause problem in the peak hours when traffic becomes congested.[125] Bus rides may be paid with the Urbana payment card (also used for the funicular) or with a mobile phone. Sometimes, the buses are called trole (referring to overhead lines), harking back to the 1951–71 days when Ljubljana had trolleybus (trolejbus) service.[126] There were five trolleybus lines in Ljubljana, till 1958 alongside the tram.[124] The Ljubljana Bus Station, the Ljubljana central bus hub, is located in the immediate vicinity to the Ljubljana railway station. There are numerous taxi companies in the city.[127]

Another mean of public road transport in the city centre is the Cavalier (Kavalir), an electric and environment-friendly vehicle. It has been operated by LPP since May 2009. There are two such vehicles in Ljubljana. The ride is free and there are no stations, because it can be stopped anywhere. It can carry up to five passengers; most of them are elderly people and tourists.[128] The Cavalier drives in the car-free zone in the Ljubljana downtown. The first line links Čop Street, Wolf Street and Hribar Embankment, whereas the second links Town Square, Upper Square, and Old Square.[129] There is also a tourist road train in Ljubljana, linking Cyril and Methodius Square in the city centre with the Ljubljana Castle.[130]

There is a considerable amount of bicycle traffic in Ljubljana and it is also possible to rent a bike. Since May 2011, the Bicikelj, a self-service bicycle rental system offers the residents and visitors of Ljubljana 300 bicycles and 600 parking spots at 31 stations in the wider city centre area. The daily number of rentals is around 2,500.[131][132] There was a possibility to rent a bike even before the establishment of Bicikelj.[133] On some of the main streets cycling is forbidden, e.g. on part of Slovenian Street (Slovenska cesta). Through years, the prohibitions have been partially abolished by marking cycle lanes on the road or on the pavement.[134][135]

[edit] Water

The river transport on the Ljubljanica and the Sava was the main means of cargo transport in the city and out of it until the mid-19th century, when railroads were built. Today, Ljubljanica is used by a number of tourist ships, with wharfs under the Butchers' Bridge, at Fish Square, at Court Square, at Breg, at the Poljane Embankment and elsewhere.

[edit] Healthcare

The main entrance to the University Medical Centre Ljubljana

Ljubljana has a rich history of discoveries in medicine and innovations in medical technology. The majority of secondary and tertiary care in Slovenia takes place in Ljubljana. The University Medical Centre Ljubljana is the largest hospital centre in Slovenia. The Faculty of Medicine (University of Ljubljana) and the Ljubljana Institute of Oncology are other two central medical institutions in Slovenia. The Community Health Centre Ljubljana is the largest health centre in Slovenia. It comprises 7 units at 11 locations. Since 1986, Ljubljana is part of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network.[136]

[edit] International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovenia

[edit] Twin towns — Sister cities

Ljubljana is twinned with:[137]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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