Sea lamprey

Petromyzon marinus
Sea lampreys on a lake trout
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Cephalaspidomorphi
Order:	Petromyzontiformes
Family:	Petromyzontidae
Genus:	Petromyzon Linnaeus, 1758
Species:	P. marinus
Binomial name
Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758

The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is a parasitic lamprey found on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America, in the western Mediterranean Sea, and in the Great Lakes. It is brown, gray, or black on its back and white or gray on the underside and can grow up to 90 cm (35.5 in) long. Sea lampreys prey on a wide variety of fish. The lamprey uses its suction-cup like mouth to attach itself to the skin of a fish and rasps away tissue with its sharp probing tongue and teeth. Secretions in the lamprey's mouth prevent the victim's blood from clotting. Victims typically die from excessive blood loss or infection.

Invasion of Great Lakes

Sea lampreys are considered a pest in the Great Lakes region. The species is native to the inland Finger Lakes and Lake Champlain in New York and Vermont. It is not clear whether it is native to Lake Ontario where it was first noticed in the 1830s, or whether it was introduced through the Erie Canal which opened in 1825. It is thought that improvements to the Welland Canal in 1919 allowed its spread from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, and while it was never abundant in either lake, it soon spread to Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior, where it decimated indigenous fish populations in the 1930s and 1940s. They have created a problem with their aggressive parasitism on key predator species and game fish, such as lake trout, lake whitefish, chub, and lake herring. Elimination of these predators allowed the alewife, another invasive species, to explode in population, having adverse effects on many native fish species. The lake trout plays a vital role in the Lake Superior ecosystem. The lake trout is considered an apex predator which means that the entire system relies on its presence to be diverse and healthy. With the removal of an apex predator from a system, the entire system is affected. The sea lamprey is an aggressive predator by nature which gives it a competitive advantage in a lake system where it has no predators and its prey lacks defenses against it. The sea lamprey played a large role in the destruction of the Lake Superior lake trout population. Lamprey introduction along with poor unsustainable fishing practices caused the lake trout populations to decline drastically. This resulted in the relationship between predators and prey in the Great Lakes' ecosystem became unbalanced.

Efforts at control

Control efforts, including electric current, chemical lampricides, and barriers, have met with varied success. The control programs are carried out under the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, a joint Canada-U.S. body, specifically by the agents of the Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Genetic researchers have begun mapping the sea lamprey's genome in the hope of finding out more about evolution; scientists trying to eliminate the Great Lakes problem are coordinating with these genetic scientists, hoping to find out more about its immune system and fitting it into its place in the phylogenetic tree. Several scientists in this field work directly for Fisheries and Oceans Canada or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Researchers from Michigan State University have teamed up with others from the Universities of Minnesota, Guelph, Wisconsin, as well as many others in a massive research effort into newly synthesized pheromones. These are believed to have independent influences on the sea lamprey behavior. One pheromone serves a migratory function in that odor emitted from larva are thought to lure maturing adults into streams with suitable spawning habitat. A sex pheromone is emitted from males and is capable of luring females long distances to very specific locations. These two pheromones are actually both several different compounds that are thought to elicit different behaviors that collectively influence the lamprey to exhibit migratory behaviors or spawning behaviors. Effort is being made to characterize the function of each pheromone, each part of each pheromone, and if they can be used in a targeted effort at environmentally friendly lamprey control. Despite millions put into research however, the most effective control measures are still being undertaken by control agents of state and federal agencies but involve the somewhat publicly unacceptable application of TFM into rivers.

Another technique used in the prevention of lamprey population growth is the use of barriers in major reproduction streams of high value to the lamprey. The purpose of the barriers is to block upstream migration of the lampreys to allow for minimal reproduction. The issue with these barriers is that other aquatic species are also inhibited by this barrier. Fish that use tributaries are impeded from traveling upstream to spawn. To account for the issue, barriers have been altered and designed to allow the passage of most fish species but still impede others.

References

• McClelland, Edward. Great Lake Invaders. E - The Environmental Magazine Mar/Apr2008, Vol. 19 Issue 2, p10-11, 2008
• Binder, Thomas R. Relative Importance of Water Temperature, Water Level, and Lunar Cycle to Migratory Activity in Spawning-Phase Sea Lampreys in Lake Ontario. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society v. 139 no. 3 (May 2010) p. 700-12, 2010
• Pratt, T. C., O’Connor, L. M., Hallett, A. G .Balancing Aquatic Habitat Fragmentation and Control of Invasive Species: Enhancing Selective Fish Passage at Sea Lamprey Control Barriers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society v. 138 no. 3 (May 2009) p. 652-65 Year, 2009
• http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/superior/superiorfacts.html
• http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_lamprey&title=Invasive%20Fish0&menu=researchinvasive fish
• http://www.lakescientist.com/2010/sea-lamprey-increase-could-be-due-to-rising-lake-superior-temperatures
• http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/SEA_LAMPREY1.pdf

External links

• Invading Species.com Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
• 'Prehistoric bloodsucker in Thames', BBC News website.
• GLANSIS Species FactSheet
• Species Profile- Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Sea Lamprey.