Taliban insurgency

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Taliban insurgency
Part of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present),
Civil war in Afghanistan
Date 2002 – present
Location Afghanistan
Status Conflict ongoing
Belligerents
 Afghanistan
 United States
ISAF-Logo.svg NATO's ISAF		 Afghanistan Taliban
Flag of Jihad.svg Haqqani Network
Flag of Jihad.svg Hezbi Islami
Flag of Jihad.svg al-Qaeda
Flag of Jihad.svg Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Commanders and leaders
Afghanistan Hamid Karzai
Afghanistan Abdul Rahim Wardak
Afghanistan Sher Mohammad Karimi
Afghanistan Bismillah Khan Mohammadi
United States Tommy Franks
United States Dan K. McNeill
United States David Barno
United States Karl Eikenberry
United States David D. McKiernan
United States Stanley A. McChrystal
United States David Petraeus
United States John R. Allen
Germany Egon Ramms
Canada Guy Laroche
 Afghanistan Mohammed Omar
Flag of Jihad.svg Jalaluddin Haqqani
Flag of Jihad.svg Sirajuddin Haqqani
Flag of Jihad.svg Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Flag of Jihad.svg Ayman al-Zawahiri
Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg Osama bin Laden †
Afghanistan Obaidullah Akhund †
Afghanistan Mullah Dadullah †
Strength
145,000 US-ISAF troops and 300,000 Afghan security forces 40,000 Taliban, 15,000 Haqqani fighters, thousands of Hezbi Islami fighters, 15,000 Arab Al-Qaeda fighters and 2,000 Uzbek fighters[1]
Casualties and losses
US-ISAF:
2,600+ killed
1 POW(US)
15,569+ wounded – many (not returning to service)
Afghan security forces: 2,000 killed, 100 captured		 75,000 killed unknown wounded
War in Afghanistan (1978-present)

The Taliban insurgency began shortly after the group's fall from power following the 2001 war in Afghanistan. The Taliban forces are fighting against the Afghan government, which is led by President Hamid Karzai. It is also fighting against the US-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The insurgency has also spread to some degree over the Durand Line border to neighboring Pakistan, in particular the Waziristan region and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Taliban conduct low-intensity warfare against the Afghan National Security Forces and their NATO trainers. Regional countries, particularly Pakistan and Iran, are often accused for funding and supporting the insurgent groups.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

The spiritual leader of the Taliban is Mulla Omar who heads the Quetta Shura. The Haqqani Network, Hezbi Islami, and smaller al Qaida groups have also joined the insurgency.[10] They often use terrorist attacks in which their victims are usually Afghan civilians. According to reports by the United Nations and others, the insurgents were responsible for 75-80% of civilian casualties between 2009 to 2011.[11][12][13]

After the May 2011 death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, many prominent Afghan figures began being assassinated by the insurgents, including Mohammed Daud Daud, Ahmad Wali Karzai, Jan Mohammad Khan, Ghulam Haider Hamidi, Burhanuddin Rabbani and others.[14] In response to this, major operations were started inside Afghanistan against the insurgents. These are intended to disrupt the network of the insugents and force them to the negotation table.

Contents

[edit] After the invasion

 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)

After evading U.S. forces throughout the summer of 2002, the remnants of the Taliban gradually began to regain their confidence and launched the insurgency that Mullah Mohammed Omar had promised during the Taliban's last days in power. During September 2002, Taliban forces began a recruitment drive in Pashtun areas in both Afghanistan and Pakistan to launch a renewed "jihad" or struggle against the Afghan government and the U.S-led coalition. Pamphlets distributed in secret during the night also began to appear in many villages in the former Taliban heartland in southeastern Afghanistan. Small mobile training camps were established along the border with Pakistan by al-Qaeda and Taliban fugitives to train new recruits in guerrilla warfare and tactics, according to Afghan sources and a United Nations report. Most of the new recruits were drawn from the madrassas or religious schools of the tribal areas of Pakistan, from which the Taliban had originally arisen. Major bases, a few with as many as 200 men, were created in the mountainous tribal areas of Pakistan by the summer of 2003. The will of the Pakistani paramilitaries stationed at border crossings to prevent such infiltration was called into question, and Pakistani military operations proved of little use.

[edit] Make-up of the Taliban

Main article: Quetta Shura

There are many players now in Afghanistan that are operating against the NATO coalition forces. In the general, the media use the term Taliban for all the insurgents in Afghanistan. However, in addition to Afghan insurgent groups with a separate history from the original pre-2001 Taliban – the Haqqani network and the Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin – there is also a Taliban group in Pakistan. The US military commanders call the Afghan Taliban Big T and they call the Pakistani Taliban Little T[citation needed].The Afghan Taliban's main goal is to remove the foreign forces and their backed government from Afghanistan. Their leadership councils are intact and they operate in almost all parts of the Afghanistan in one form or the other. The Taliban control most of the country side from Herat Northwestern Afghanistan to Qandahar (southern Afghanistan) to Kunar (Northeastern Afghanistan). Taliban fighters are also said to have started operations in the Northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif.

The Pakistani Taliban's main goals are very unclear. The Pakistani Taliban do cross border to Afghanistan to fight NATO forces but their main concern seem to be in Pakistani tribal areas. There is also the Hezbi-Islami militia which operates in Northeastern Afghanistan.

[edit] Financial support

While the pre-2001 Taliban suppressed opium production, the current insurgency "relies on opium revenues to purchase weapons, train its members, and buy support." In 2001, Afghanistan produced only 11% of the world's opium, today it produces 93% of the global crop, and the drug trade accounts for half of Afghanistan's GDP.[15][16][17][18]

On July 28, 2009, Richard Holbrooke, the United States special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, said that money transfers from Western Europe and the Gulf States exceeded the drug trade earnings and that a new task force had been formed to shut down this source of funds.[19]

The United States Agency for International Development is investigating the possibility that kickbacks from its contracts are being funneled to the Taliban.[20]

A report by the London School of Economics (LSE) claimed to provide the most concrete evidence yet that the Pakistani intelligence agency ISI is providing funding, training and sanctuary to the Taliban on a scale much larger than previously thought. The report's author Matt Waldman spoke to nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan's relationship with the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realized. Some of those interviewed suggested that the organization even attended meetings of the Taliban's supreme council, the Quetta Shura.[21][22][23] A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report, describing it as "malicious".[24][25]

[edit] Poppy dilemma

Further information: Opium production in Afghanistan
Opium production levels for 2005–2007

In March 2010, after the ousting of the Taliban from the area of Marja in the Southern Afghan province Helmand in the Operation Moshtarak, the American and NATO commanders were confronted with the dilemma of on the one hand the need for "winning the hearts and minds" of the local population as well as on the other hand the necessity of the eradication of poppies and the destruction of the opium economy. Since opium is the main source of existence of 60 to 70 percent of the farmers in Marja, American Marines were ordered to initially ignore the crops to avoid trampling their livelihood.[26]

[edit] Social context: poverty and corruption

In November 2010, a report with the results of an opinion poll of the Western aid group Oxfam indicated that 83 percent of the Afghan population does not consider the Taliban militants, but poverty, unemployment and government corruption as the main causes of war in their country.

After thirty years of war, the country remains one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world. It is also one of the most corrupt. Unemployment stands at 40 percent and more than half of the population lives below the poverty line. On top of that, violence then seemed to culminate since U.S.-backed Afghan forces ousted the Taliban in late 2001. Nearly half of those surveyed said corruption and bad government were the main reasons for the ongoing war. 12 percent said the Taliban insurgency was to blame.

After the Taliban, the reason most people gave for the continued fighting was foreign interference, with 25 percent of respondents saying other countries were to blame.[27]

[edit] 2006 Escalation

Since the start of 2006 Afghanistan has been facing a wave of attacks by improvised explosives and suicide bombers, particularly after NATO took command of the fight against insurgents in spring 2006.[28]

Afghan President Hamid Karzai publicly condemned the methods used by the western powers. In June 2006 he said:

And for two years I have systematically, consistently and on a daily basis warned the international community of what was developing in Afghanistan and of the need for a change of approach in this regard.

and

The international community [must] reassess the manner in which this war against terror is conducted

Insurgents were also criticized for their conduct. According to Human Rights Watch, bombing and other attacks on Afghan civilians by the Taliban (and to a lesser extent Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin), are reported to have "sharply escalated in 2006" with "at least 669 Afghan civilians were killed in at least 350 armed attacks, most of which appear to have been intentionally launched at civilians or civilian objects."[29][30] 131 of insurgent attacks were suicide attacks which killed 212 civilians (732 wounded), 46 Afghan army and police members (101 wounded), and 12 foreign soldiers (63 wounded).[31]

[edit] Timeline

Below are a few deaths (note:this is just a few NATO deaths)

  • June 6: A roadside bombing leaves 2 American soldiers killed, the attack took place in the province of Nanghar. Also a separate suicide bombing in Khost leaves three US soldiers wounded.[32]
  • June 15: A bus carrying workers to an American base explodes killing 10 and wounding 15. The explosives were placed on the bus.[33]
  • July 1: 2 British soldiers are killed when their base came under small arms fire including rocket propelled grenades.[34]
  • August 8: 4 Canadian NATO soldiers are killed in two separate attacks. And a suicide bomber targeting a NATO convey detonates killing 21 people.[35]
  • August 20: 3 American soldiers are killed and another 3 are wounded in a battle with Taliban militants after a roadside bomb hit an American patrol.[36]
  • September 8: A major suicide car bombing near the US embassy in Kabul kills 18 including 2 US soldiers.[37]
  • September 10: The governor of Afghanistan's southeastern Paktia province is killed alongside his bodyguard and nephew when a suicide bomber detonates himself beside the governor's car.[38]
  • October 14: A suicide attack in Kandahar city leaves 8 dead including one NATO soldier.[39]
  • October 15: 2 Canadian soldiers were killed when Taliban militants attacked NATO troops using small arms fire and rocket propelled grenades.[39]
  • December 6: A suicide bomber blew himself up outside a security contractor's office killing 7 including 2 Americans, the attack took place south of Afghanistan in Kandahar.[40]
  • December 19: Mullah Akhtar Muhammad Osmani, reportedly number 4 in the Taliban shura, is killed by an American airstrike in southern Afghanistan.[41]

[edit] 2007

Regional security risks and levels of opium poppy cultivation in 2007–2008.

The Taliban continue to favor suicide bombing as a tactic. In 2007 Afghanistan saw 140 more suicide bombings – more than in the past five years combined – that killed more than 300 people, many civilians.[42] A UN report said the perpetrators were poorly educated, disaffected young men who were recruited by Taliban leaders in Pakistani madrassas.[43]

Western analysts estimated that the Taliban can field about 10,000 fighters at any given time, according to an October 30 report in The New York Times. Of that number, "only 2,000 to 3,000 are highly motivated, full-time insurgents", the Times reported. The rest are part-timers, made up of alienated, young Afghan men angry at bombing raids or fighting in order to get money. In 2007, more foreign fighters were showing up in Afghanistan than ever before, according to Afghan and United States officials. An estimated 100 to 300 full-time combatants are foreigners, usually from Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Chechnya, various Arab countries and perhaps even Turkey and western China. They tend to be more fanatical and violent, and they often bring skills such as the ability to post more sophisticated videos on the Internet or bombmaking expertise.[44] It has also been reported that the Taliban now control up to 54% of Afghanistan.[45]

In April 2007, Karzai admitted that he spoke to the Taliban to bring about peace in Afghanistan.[46] He noted that the Afghan Taliban are "always welcome" in Afghanistan, although foreign militants are not.[47] On April 15, 2007 the Afghan Government promised to end all hostage deals with the Taliban after two Afghan kidnapped victims were executed in an agreement to free an Italian journalist.[48]

On May 12, Mullah Dadullah, a senior Taliban commander in charge of operations in the south of the country was killed in Helmand province, in what is seen as a great moral victory.

[edit] Timeline

  • January 23: A suicide bomber blew himself up outside a US base in eastern Afghanistan killing 10 people who were waiting outside the base.[49]
  • February 2: Taliban forces raided a southern Afghan town destroying the government center and briefly holding some elders captive.[50]
  • February 19: The Taliban briefly seized a small town in western Afghanistan after police fled the town, the Taliban forces moved in for 30 minutes and seized three vehicles.[51]
  • February 20: A suicide bomber blew himself up during an opening hospital ceremony injuring 2 NATO soldiers and a hospital worker.[52]
  • February 27: 23 people are killed when a suicide bomber attacks an American military base, Bagram Airfield (BAF) in Bagram District, Parwan Province. The attack took place while US vice president Dick Cheney was in the compound, Cheney was unhurt in the attack and was the intended target of the attack as claimed by the Taliban. The dead included an American soldier, a Korean soldier, and an American contractor.[53]
  • March 4: A suicide bomber attacks an American convoy which leaves 16 civilians dead in the aftermath as the American convey begins to sporadically fire at civilian cars around them. In a separate incident, two British soldiers were killed when a Taliban rocket was fired on them during clashes in Southern Helmand Province.[54]
  • March 17: A suicide bomber targeting a Canadian military convoy leaves one dead and three injured, including one NATO soldier. The attack took place in Kandahar.[55]
  • March 19: A car bomb blew up near a three-vehicle US embassy convoy injuring many in the convoy.[56]
  • March 27: Four police officers are killed in the southern Helmand province after a suicide bomber blew himself up outside a police station.[57]
  • March 28: A suicide bomber killed a top intelligence officer and three others in the capital Kabul.
  • April 6: A suicide bomber struck a police checkpoint in Kabul leaving four dead and four others wounded.[58]
  • April 9: Six Canadian soldiers were killed in southern Afghanistan when they struck a roadside bomb. A separate roadside bombing, also in south Afghanistan, left another NATO soldier dead and one wounded. In another incident, a statement from the Taliban's spokesperson claimed that they had beheaded a translator for a kidnapped Italian journalist.[59]
  • April 15: A suicide bomber struck a US-private security firm, killing four Afghans working for the company.[60]
  • April 16: A suicide bomber ran onto a police training field and detonating his explosive device, killed 10 police officers and wounded dozens of others. The attack took place in the relatively quiet city of Kunduz. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack.[60]
  • April 20: Separate explosions in Southern Afghanistan leave two NATO soldiers dead.[61]
  • April 22: A suicide bomber blew himself up an eastern city of Afghanistan, killing six. A roadside bomb also hit an Afghan intelligence service vehicle, killing all four who were inside.[62]
  • April 30: Hundreds of Afghans took to the streets in western Afghanistan, accusing US soldiers of killing scores of civilians in fighting which the coalition said killed 136 Taliban in a three-week operation.[63]
  • May 13: Mullah Dadullah, the Taliban's top military commander in Afghanistan, is killed in fighting in the south.[41]
  • May 23: The Taliban's newly-named top field commander, Mullah Bakht Mohammed, brother and replacement of deceased field commander Mullah Dadullah, makes his first public statement, saying the Taliban will "pursue holy war until the occupying countries leave."[64]
  • July 19: The South Korean hostage crisis involved the hostage taking of twenty-three South Korean Christian aid workers in the Ghazni Province which resulted in the death of two. The crisis ended on August 30 with the release of the remaining hostages as part of a deal with the South Korean diplomats of government.
  • August 31: A suicide bomber detonated his explosive-laden vehicle after ramming three military vehicles at the military gate of the Kabul International Airport. Two Afghan soldiers were killed and ten people were injured.
  • September 29: In an effort to reach a compromise with the Taliban leaders, the president, Hamid Karzai would make a quid quo pro by allowing militants to have a place in government if they stopped fighting. Taliban leaders replied by saying there would be no compromise unless intervening forces such as NATO and the U.S. left.[65]
  • November 2: Mawlawi Abdul Manan, an important Taliban figure, is killed by Afghan Security forces. His death is confirmed by the Taliban.[66]

[edit] 2008

The U.S. warned that in 2008 the Taliban has "coalesced into a resilient insurgency", and would "maintain or even increase the scope and pace of its terrorist attacks".[67] Attacks by Taliban insurgents in eastern Afghanistan increased by 40% when compared to the same period in 2007.[67]

[edit] Timeline

  • February 24: Poor military intelligence leads to conflicted reports of a possible Taliban spring offensive.[68][69]
  • August 19:Taliban forces kill 9 French troops (with a 10th death in an accident) near Kabul.[70]
  • October 6: CNN reports that, via Saudi intermediaries, the Taliban is negotiating to end the conflict in Afghanistan, and that the Taliban has split from Al Qaeda.[71]
  • December 7: 200 Taliban armed with RPGs and automatic weapons attack two NATO supply depots outside of Peshawar destroying 100 vehicles packed with supplies intended to support the NATO effort in Afghanistan.[72][73]
  • December 8: 200 Taliban armed with RPGs and automatic weapons attack a NATO supply depot outside of Peshawar destroying 53 container trucks packed with supplies intended to support the NATO effort in Afghanistan.[72][73]

[edit] 2009

During 2009 the Taliban regained control over the countryside of several Afghan provinces. In August 2009, Taliban commanders in the province of Helmand started issuing "visa" from the "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan" in order to allow travel to and from the provincial capital of Lashkar Gah.[74]

[edit] Timeline

  • June 30: US Army Private First Class soldier Bowe R. Bergdahl is captured by the Taliban in Southern Afghanistan.
  • July 18: The Taliban release a video showing Bergdahl being interviewed by one of his captors.[75]
  • August 12: Taliban spokesmen threaten the public not to vote in the upcoming presidential elections.[76]
  • August 15: 2009 NATO Afghanistan headquarters bombing, A suicide car bomb explodes outside NATO headquarters in Kabul, killing at least seven and wounding almost 100. ISAF troops were reported among the wounded.[77]
  • August 25: A massive car bomb shakes Kandahar, killing at least 30 and wounding dozens as buildings collapse in the city's center. The attack comes after the first results of the presidential elections were announced.[78] Four U.S. soldiers die in an IED explosion in southern Afghanistan bringing ISAF losses to 295, eclipsing 2008's coalition death toll of 294.[79]
  • September 4: U.S airstrike on two fuel tankers kill at least 70 people in Farah Province after it was hijacked by Taliban militants. Angry relatives of those killed claim civilians were collecting fuel from the tankers when the airstrike came.[80]
  • December 1, the U.S. President Barack Obama announced he would send an additional 30,000 troops to help battle the Taliban insurgency. The Taliban reacted to the President's speech by saying they will step up their fight in Afghanistan. A Taliban commander told the BBC that if more US troops came, more would die.[81]
  • Also in December 2009, after his disputed re-election, President Hamid Karzai announced to move ahead with a plan for a Loya Jirga to discuss the Taliban insurgency. The Taliban would be invited to take part in this Jirga.[82]

[edit] 2010

During 2010, the Taliban were ousted from parts of Helmand Province by the ISAF Operation Moshtarak that started in February 2010. In the meantime the Taliban insurgency spread to the northern provinces of the country.[83][84] The new policy of the Taliban was to shift militants from the south to the north, to show they exist "everywhere", according to Faryab Province Governor Abdul Haq Shafaq.[85][86] With most Afghan and NATO troops stationed in the southern and eastern provinces, villagers in the once-peaceful north[87] found themselves confronted with a rapid deterioration of security, as insurgents seized new territory in provinces such as Kunduz and Baghlan, and even infiltrated the mountains of Badakhshan Province in the northeast.

[edit] Timeline

  • January 17: "Kabul's day of terror", on which gunbattles near the presidential palace and other government buildings paralyzed the Afghan capital for hours.[88][89] As President Karzai was swearing in his new cabinet ministers inside the presidential palace, militants performed attacks on multiple locations in Kabul, including shopping malls, a cinema and the central bank. A team of gunmen launched a spectacular assault in "commando style" with two men detonating suicide bombs and the rest fighting to the death near the gates of the presidential palace, an operation by insurgents to terrorize the Afghan capital, further demoralizing the population and lending to the impression that virtually no part of the country could be safe.[90][91][92][93][94][95][96] The Taliban said it had deployed 20 suicide bombers in explosive vests who were also armed with heavy and light weaponry[97][98] A western security official estimated there is a security incident in Kabul, on average, every seven to 10 days.[99]
  • January 28: International Conference on Afghanistan in London
  • February 26: Militants target hotels and guest houses in Kabul. Up to nine Indians, an Italian diplomat and a French film maker were among the dead in the worst assault on the Afghan capital for several months. A four-hour battle began with a car bombing and included suicide bombers and Taliban fighters throwing grenades. The attacks appeared to be aimed at Indian government officials and medical workers. Three Afghan police were killed, and six more officers were among the 38 people wounded in what was described as a well-planned and co-ordinated attack.[100]
  • June 2–4: The Karzai administration organized the Afghan Peace Jirga in Kabul that was announced after the 2009 presidential elections. The Taliban were not invited.
Main article: Afghan Peace Jirga 2010

[edit] 2011

The insurgency continued strongly in 2011.

The Taliban continued attacking and ambushing NATO and Afghan troops as well as the targeted assassination of government officials.

On January 29, the deputy governor of Kandahar was killed in a suicide attack. Three months later, on April 15 the Kandahar chief police, General Khan Mohammed Mujahid was killed.

On May 28, Taliban assassinated one of their main opponents, Mohammed Daud Daud, in a bomb attack. Six others were alsokilled. He was the chief of the police for the northern of Afghanistan.

On July 12, the president's brother Ahmed Wali Karzai, the leader of the Kandahar province, was killed by his own bodyguard.

On July 18, President Karzai's advisor, Jan Mohammad Khan, was assassinated in Kabul by the Taliban in an attack that also killed an Afghan deputy.[106]

The United Nations estimated that for the first half of 2011, the civilian deaths rose by 15% and reached 1462, which is the worst death toll since the beginning of the war and despite the surge of foreign troops.[107]

As of July 22, 325 coalition fighters were killed, more than 55% of the deaths caused by IED's.[108]

As of July 18, coalition forces started their plan of transition by handing power of several areas to the Afghan authority following their plan of future pull out of the country. A Taliban militant who had infiltrated the Afghan police force killed seven other policemen in Lashkar Gah.[109] The same day the police chief of Registaan district and three other policemen were killed in bomb attacks.[110]

ISAF General Chief David Petraeus left his position with mixed results.[111][112] During his time as the head of ISAF, 3775 insurgents were killed or captured in 2832 raids[112] while 713 NATO soldiers were killed. Overall the level of violence in the country increased. He was replaced by General John Allen.

It is reported that in 2011, the United States was spending 2 billion dollars per week fighting in Afghanistan against the Taliban. In a 2011 forecast the war in Afghanistan was estimated at 108 billion dollars for the year, while the Iraqi War was estimated at 50 billion.[113]

Between July 20 and July 22, NATO troops killed 50 Haqquani fighters in an attack on their camp.[114]

A US military investigation discovered that a portion of the 2 billion dollars in funds given by the United States in contracts had fallen in the hands of the insurgency.[115]

On July 27, the mayor of Kandahar, Ghulam Haidar Hameedi, was killed in a suicide attack.[116]

On July 28, suicide bombers and snipers attacked the police headquarters of Tarin Kowt in a large-scale attack which killed more than 21 people including Afghan reporter Ahmed Omed Khpulwak.[117] According to the Afghan interior minister, for the 2 year period between March 19, 2009 and March 19, 2011, 2770 Afghan policemen were killed and 4785 wounded while 1052 Afghan soldiers were killed and 2413 wounded.[118]

On July 31, 10 Afghan policemen were killed in a suicide attack in Lashkar Gah where Afghan security forces had taken over from NATO a week before. The same day, 10 Afghan guards who were protecting a NATO supplies convoy were killed in the attack.[119] One day before, 5 Afghans soldiers and 2 NATO soldiers were killed in a bomb attack on their patrol.[120]

On August 6, 31 American Special Forces soldiers were killed in the crash of their helicopter probably shot down during a fight with the Taliban.[121] Seven Afghan soldiers were also killed. This was the biggest death toll for NATO troops in the whole war. Most of the American soldiers killed were Navy SEALs.[122]

On August 6, 4 NATO soldiers were killed, including two French Foreign Legion members, and 5 others were wounded.[123][124]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Pakistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security". Brookings Institution. December 29, 2011. p. 6. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf. Retrieved March 3, 2012. 
  2. ^ Isaf Seizes Iranian Weapons in Nimroz
  3. ^ Is Iran Supporting the Insurgency in Afghanistan?
  4. ^ Iran still supporting Afghan insurgency-U.S.
  5. ^ Iran accused of supporting Afghan insurgents
  6. ^ "U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack". Reuters. September 22, 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html. Retrieved March 4, 2012. 
  7. ^ "U.S. links Pakistan to group it blames for Kabul attack". Reuters. September 17, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/17/us-pakistan-usa-haqqani-idUSTRE78G1RM20110917. Retrieved March 4, 2012. 
  8. ^ "Clinton Presses Pakistan to Help Fight Haqqani Insurgent Group". Fox News. September 18, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/09/18/clinton-presses-pakistan-to-help-fight-haqqani-insurgent-group/. Retrieved March 4, 2012. 
  9. ^ "Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency". Associated Press. September 23, 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html;_ylt=A2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413. Retrieved March 4, 2012. 
  10. ^ Our Man in Kabul? by Michael Crowley, tnr.com, March 9, 2010
  11. ^ "UN: Taliban Responsible for 76% of Deaths in Afghanistan". The Weekly Standard. August 10, 2010. http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/taliban-responsible-76-deaths-afghanistan-un. 
  12. ^ "Citing rising death toll, UN urges better protection of Afghan civilians". United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. March 9, 2011. http://unama.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1783&ctl=Details&mid=1882&ItemID=12602. 
  13. ^ Haddon, Katherine (October 6, 2011). "Afghanistan marks 10 years since war started". AFP. http://news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-marks-10-years-since-war-started-211711851.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
  14. ^ "President Karzai Address to the Nation on Afghanistan's Peace Efforts". The Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington, DC. http://www.embassyofafghanistan.org/PresidentKarzaiAddresstotheNationonPeaceEfforts.htm. Retrieved October 10, 2011. 
  15. ^ "Taliban Insurgency Funded by Poppy and Marble". Riazhaq.com. July 27, 2008. http://www.riazhaq.com/2008/07/taliban-insurgency-funded-by-poppy-and.html. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  16. ^ Iran trying to influence Afghanistan: US report[dead link]
  17. ^ Gretchen Peters "Seeds of Terror: How Heroin is Bankrolling the Taliban and Al Qaeda", publ. Thomas Dunne Books (2009)
  18. ^ "Exploring The Taliban's Complex, Shadowy Finances". Wbur.org. http://www.wbur.org/npr/124821049. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  19. ^ Ian Traynor in Brussels (July 28, 2009). "US sets up task force to stem flow of foreign funds to Taliban". Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/28/taliban-foreign-funds-us-holbrooke. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  20. ^ "Are U.S. taxpayers funding the Taliban?". Reuters. September 3, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE5823IL20090903. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  21. ^ "Pakistan's ISI intelligence agency 'supports' Taliban". BBC News. June 13, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10302946.stm. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  22. ^ "Pakistan puppet masters guide the Taliban killers"[dead link]
  23. ^ Burch, Jonathon (June 13, 2010). "Report slams Pakistan for meddling in Afghanistan". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65C06620100613. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  24. ^ CNN Wire Staff (June 14, 2010). "New report on Pakistan connections with Taliban dismissed by military". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/afghanistan.taliban.isi/. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  25. ^ "Pakistan Denies Supporting Taliban". Rferl.org. June 14, 2010. http://www.rferl.org/content/Pakistan_Denies_Supporting_Taliban/2070224.html. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  26. ^ "U.S. Turns a Blind Eye to Opium in Afghan Town"
  27. ^ "Poll: Afghans See Poverty, Corruption As Main Causes Of War". Rferl.org. November 18, 2009. http://www.rferl.org/content/Poll_Afghans_See_Poverty_Corruption_As_Main_Causes_Of_War/1881102.html#. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  28. ^ http://news.monstersandcritics.com/southasia/article_1209201.php/Two_journalists_NATO_soldier_killed_in_Afghanistan
  29. ^ "Human Rights News, Afghanistan: Civilians Bear Cost of Escalating Insurgent Attacks". Hrw.org. April 16, 2007. http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/04/16/afghan15688.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2011. 
  30. ^ The Consequences of Insurgent Attacks in Afghanistan April 2007 Volume 19, No. 6(C)
  31. ^ Afghanistan`s record of suicide attacks in 2006 Paktribune.com quoting "A well-calculated survey by Pajhwok Afghan News", accessed February 1, 2008
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