Charles David Keeling
| Charles David Keeling | |
|---|---|
| Citizenship | American |
| Nationality | American |
| Fields | atmosphere |
| Institutions | Mauna Loa Observatory Scripps Institution of Oceanography |
| Alma mater | University of Illinois |
| Known for | Keeling Curve |
Charles David Keeling (April 20, 1928 – June 20, 2005)[1][2] was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory[3] first alerted the world to the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the "greenhouse effect" and global warming. The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere.
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[edit] Early life and early career
Keeling was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He graduated with a degree in chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1948 and earned a PhD in chemistry from Northwestern University in 1954. He was a postdoctoral fellow in geochemistry at the California Institute of Technology until he joined Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1956, and was appointed professor of oceanography there in 1968.
At Caltech he developed the first instrument to measure carbon dioxide in atmospheric samples.[4] Keeling camped at Big Sur where he used his new device to measure the level of carbon dioxide and found that it had risen since the 19th century.
[edit] Work with Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1958–2005
Keeling worked at the Scripps Institute for 43 years during which time he published many influential papers.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Roger Revelle, the Director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, based at La Jolla, California, persuaded Dr. Keeling to continue his work there. Revelle was also one of the founders of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957–58 and Keeling received IGY funding to establish a base on Mauna Loa in Hawaii, two miles (3,000 m) above sea level.
Dr. Keeling started collecting carbon dioxide samples at the base in 1958.[3] By 1960, he had established that there are strong seasonal variations in carbon dioxide levels with peak levels reached in the late northern hemisphere winter. A reduction in carbon dioxide followed during spring and early summer each year as plant growth increased in the land-rich northern hemisphere. In 1961, Keeling produced data showing that carbon dioxide levels were rising steadily in what became known as the "Keeling Curve".
In the early 1960s, the National Science Foundation stopped supporting his research, calling the outcome "routine". Despite this lack of interest, the Foundation used Keeling's research in its warning in 1963 of a greenhouse effect. A 1965 report from President Johnson's Science Advisory Committee similarly warned of the dangers of the greenhouse effect.
The data collection started by Dr. Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere. Dr Keeling's research shows that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has grown from 315 parts per million (ppm) in 1958 to 380 (ppm) in 2005 with increases correlated to fossil fuel emissions. There has also been an increase in seasonal variation in samples from the late 20th century and early 21st century.
[edit] Honoraria
Second Half Century Award of the American Meteorological Society, 1981
Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union, 1991
Blue Planet Prize from the Science Council of Japan and the Asahi Foundation, 1993
At a White House ceremony held in July 1997, Dr. Keeling was presented with a "special achievement award" from Vice President Al Gore. Dr. Keeling was honored "for 40 years of outstanding scientific research associated with monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide in connection with Mauna Loa Observatory".
In 2002 President of the United States George W. Bush presented Dr Keeling with the National Medal of Science, the highest US award for scientific research lifetime achievement.
Dr Keeling received the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement in 2005.
The Keeling Curve is "engraved in bronze on a building at Mauna Loa and carved into a wall at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington." It was also a chart on the wall in a classroom at Harvard University where Dr. Revelle had moved to teach in the 1960s and where among others student Al Gore would see and "marvel" at it. In 2006, Gore would feature the graph in the book and movie An Inconvenient Truth and for that work with climate change go on to win, with the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.[4]
[edit] Personal
Keeling was an enthusiastic outdoorsman who made many hiking and camping trips to the Western mountains, particularly the Cascade Mountains of Washington state. He was an active member of the Wilderness Society for much of his life.[13]
Keeling married Louise Barthold in 1955. They had five children, one of whom (Ralph Keeling) followed in his father's footsteps and is currently a climate scientist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Charles Keeling was also an accomplished classical pianist who almost chose a career in music. Keeling was a founding director of the University of California, San Diego Madrigal Singers. He also wrote the Del Mar General Plan.[14]
He died of a heart attack in 2005, aged 77.
[edit] Memberships/fellowships
Keeling was a Guggenheim fellow at the Meteorological Institute, University of Stockholm (1961–62); a guest professor at the Second Physical Institute of the University of Heidelberg (1969–70) and the Physical Institute of the University of Bern (1979–80).
He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
He was a member of the commission on global pollution of the International Association of Meteorology, and scientific director of the Central CO2 Calibration Laboratory of the World Meteorological Organisation.
[edit] References
- ^ Harris, D. C. (2010). "Charles David Keeling and the Story of Atmospheric CO2Measurements†". Analytical Chemistry 82 (19): 7865–7870. doi:10.1021/ac1001492. PMID 20536268.
- ^ Heimann, M. (2005). "Obituary: Charles David Keeling 1928–2005". Nature 437 (7057): 331. doi:10.1038/437331a. PMID 16163339.
- ^ a b Rose Kahele. "Behind the Inconvenient Truth". Hana Hou! vol. 10, No. 5, October/November 2007. http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=616&MagazineID=39.
- ^ a b Justin Gillis (December 21, 2010). "A Scientist, His Work and a Climate Reckoning". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/22/science/earth/22carbon.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Nemani, R. R.; Keeling, C. D.; Hashimoto, H.; Jolly, W. M.; Piper, S. C.; Tucker, C. J.; Myneni, R. B.; Running, S. W. (2003). "Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 1982 to 1999". Science 300 (5625): 1560–1563. doi:10.1126/science.1082750. PMID 12791990.
- ^ Clark, D. A.; Piper, S. C.; Keeling, C. D.; Clark, D. B. (2003). "Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984–2000". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (10): 5852–5857. doi:10.1073/pnas.0935903100. PMC 156290. PMID 12719545. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156290.
- ^ Gruber, N.; Keeling, C. D.; Bates, N. R. (2002). "Interannual Variability in the North Atlantic Ocean Carbon Sink". Science 298 (5602): 2374–2378. doi:10.1126/science.1077077. PMID 12493911.
- ^ Keeling, C. D.; Whorf, T. P. (2000). "The 1,800-year oceanic tidal cycle: A possible cause of rapid climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (8): 3814–3819. doi:10.1073/pnas.070047197. PMC 18099. PMID 10725399. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18099.
- ^ Keeling, C. D.; Whorf, T. P. (1997). "Possible forcing of global temperature by the oceanic tides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (16): 8321–8328. PMC 33744. PMID 11607740. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33744.
- ^ Keeling, C. D. (1997). "Climate change and carbon dioxide: An introduction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (16): 8273–8274. PMC 33714. PMID 11607732. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33714.
- ^ Bacastow, R. B.; Adams, J. A.; Keeling, C. D.; Moss, D. J.; Whorf, T. P.; Wong, C. S. (1980). "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, the Southern Oscillation, and the Weak 1975 El Nino". Science 210 (4465): 66–68. doi:10.1126/science.210.4465.66. PMID 17751153.
- ^ Keeling, C. D. (1978). "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the 19th Century". Science 202 (4372): 1109–1102. doi:10.1126/science.202.4372.1109. PMID 17777967.
- ^ Paul M. Keeling, The Path to Mauna Loa, Wilderness magazine, 2008
- ^ http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/lists/Keeling%202006-12.pdf
[edit] External links
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography's CO2 Program: Home of the Keeling Curve
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Obituary Notice
- NPR Climate Connections: Climate change is clear atop Mauna Loa
- Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
- Guardian obituary
- History of funding of Keeling's work
- The Keeling Curve Turns 50 – Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- BBC, 50 years on: The Keeling Curve legacy
- 50th Anniversary of Global CO2 Record, Symposium and Celebration, Kona HI
