Lake Agassiz

This article is about the prehistoric lake, For other geographic features with this name, see Agassiz

An early map of the extent of Lake Agassiz (by 19th century geologist Warren Upham). This map is now believed to underestimate the extent of the region once overlain by Lake Agassiz.

Lake Agassiz was an immense glacial lake located in the middle of the northern part of North America. Fed by glacial runoff at the end of the last glacial period, its area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined, and it held more water than contained by all lakes in the world today.

First postulated in 1823 by William H. Keating, it was named by Warren Upham in 1879 after Louis Agassiz, when Upham recognized the lake was formed by glacial action.

Geological progression

Geologists have come to a consensus on the likely geological history of Lake Agassiz.^{[citation needed]}

During the last Ice Age, northern North America was covered by a glacier, which alternately advanced and deteriorated with variations in the climate. This continental ice sheet formed during the period now known as the Wisconsin glaciation, and covered much of central North America between 30,000 and 10,000 years ago. As the ice sheet disintegrated, it created at its front an immense proglacial lake, formed from its meltwaters.

Around 13,000 years BP the lake came to cover much of Manitoba, northwestern Ontario, northern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, and Saskatchewan. At its greatest extent, it may have covered as much as 440,000 km² (170,000 sq mi), larger than any currently existing lake in the world (including the Caspian Sea).

The lake drained at various times south through the Traverse Gap into Glacial River Warren (parent to the Minnesota River, a tributary of the Mississippi River), east through Lake Kelvin (modern Lake Nipigon) to what is now Lake Superior, or west via the Mackenzie River through the Northwest Territories. Geologists have found evidence that a major outbreak of Lake Agassiz about 13,000 BP drained north through the Mackenzie River into the Arctic Ocean. A return of the ice for some time offered a reprieve, but after retreating north of the Canada – United States border about 9,900 years ago, Lake Agassiz refilled. The last major shift in drainage occurred about 8,400 years BP. The melting of remaining Hudson Bay ice caused Lake Agassiz to drain nearly completely. This final drainage of Lake Agassiz contributed an estimated 1 to 3 meters to total post-glacial global sea level rise. Much of the final drainage may have occurred in a very short time, in one or two events, perhaps taking as little as a year.

Lake Agassiz' major drainage reorganization events were of such magnitudes that they had significant impact on climate, sea level and possibly early human civilization. Major freshwater release into the Arctic Ocean is considered to disrupt oceanic circulation and cause temporary cooling. The draining at 13,000 may be the cause of the Younger Dryas stadial. The draining at 8,400 may be the cause of the 8,200 yr climate event. A recent study by Turney and Brown links the 8,400 drainage to the expansion of agriculture from east to west across Europe; he suggests that this may also account for various flood myths of prehistoric cultures, including the Biblical flood.

Remnants and effects

Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, Lake Manitoba, and Lake of the Woods, among others, are relics of the ancient lake. The outlines and volumes of these modern lakes are still slowly changing due to differential isostatic rebound.

Other geological and geomorphological evidence for Lake Agassiz can also be seen today. Raised beaches, many kilometers from any water, mark the former boundaries of the lake at various times. Several modern river valleys, including those of the Assiniboine River and the Minnesota River, were originally cut by water entering or leaving the lake. The fertile soils of the Red River Valley, now drained by the Red River of the North, are formed from lacustrine deposits of silt from Lake Agassiz.

See also

• Deluge (prehistoric)
• Glacial history of Minnesota           
• Glacial Lake Great Falls
• Glacial Lake Missoula
• Glacial Lake Ojibway

• Glacial lake outburst flood
• Glacial River Warren
• Younger Dryas and Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
• 8.2 kiloyear climate event
• List of prehistoric lakes

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Boswell, Randy (19 November 2007). "Noah's Ark flood spurred European farming". CanWest News Service. http://www.canada.com/topics/technology/story.html?id=ffaed9c2-2e55-4555-b01e-2d7b60f8371e&k=39290. Retrieved 22 November 2007. 
• Broecker, Wallace S. (26 May 2006). "Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood?". Science 312 (5777): 1146–1148. doi:10.1126/science.1123253. PMID 16728622. 
• Fisher, Timothy G. (March 2003). "Chronology of glacial Lake Agassiz meltwater routed to the Gulf of Mexico". Quaternary Research (Academic Press) 59 (2): 271–76. doi:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00011-5. http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher-%20Chronology%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz%20meltwater%20routed%20to%20the%20Gulf%20of%20Mexico.pdf. Retrieved 18 March 2009. 
• Fisher, Timothy G. (December 2004). "River Warren boulders, Minnesota, USA: catastrophic paleoflow indicators in the southern spillway of glacial Lake Agassiz" (PDF). Boreas (Taylor & Francis) 33 (4): 349–58. doi:10.1080/0300948041001938. ISSN 0300-9483. http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders,%20Minnesota,%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 
• Hostetler, S. W. et al (2000). "Simulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago". Nature 405 (6784): 334–337. doi:10.1038/35012581. PMID 10830959. 
• Leverington, David W.; James T. Teller (2003). "Paleotopographic reconstructions of the eastern outlets of glacial Lake Agassiz". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40 (9): 1259–78. doi:10.1139/e03-043. 
• Lusardi, B. A. (1997). "Quaternary Glacial Geology" (PDF). Minnesota at a Glance. Minnesota Geological Survey, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928060129/http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/MNglance/Mn_Quaternary.pdf. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 
• Murton, J. B. et al., (1 April 2010) Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean, Nature 464, pp. 740–743; 2010 doi:10.1038/nature08954
• Ojakangas, Richard W.; Matsch, Charles L (1982). Minnesota's Geology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0953-5. 
• Perkins, S. (2002). "Once Upon a Lake". Science News (Science News, Vol. 162, No. 18) 162 (18): 283–284. doi:10.2307/4014064. JSTOR 4014064.  Abstract at "Bibliography of Canadian Geomorphology". Canadian Geomorphology Research Group. http://cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/PerkinsOnceDuring.html. Retrieved 15 December 2007. 
• Pielou, E. C. (1991). After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-66812-6
• Sansome, Constance Jefferson (1983). Minnesota Underfoot: A Field Guide to the State's Outstanding Geologic Features. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-89658-036-9. 
• Schiermeier, Quirin (21 March 2010). "River reveals chilling tracks of ancient flood". Nature. http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100331/full/464657a.html. Retrieved 31 March 2010. 
• Turney, C.S.M. and Brown, H. (2007) "Catastrophic early Holocene sea level rise, human migration and the Neolithic transition in Europe." Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 2036–2041; "The Mother of All Floods? November 21, 2007.
• Upham, Warren (1896/2002). "The Glacial Lake Agassiz". Monographs of the United States Geological Survey (United States Geological Survey/University of North Dakota) XXV. http://library.ndsu.edu/exhibits/text/lakeagassiz/. Retrieved 16 April 2009. 
• "Valley Formation". Fact Sheets. Minnesota River Basin Data Center (MRBDC, Minnesota State University, Mankato. 15 November 2004. http://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/mnbasin/fact_sheets/valley_formation.html. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 

External links

• Minnesota River Basin Data Center. Valley Formation (Map). http://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/mnbasin/fact_sheets/valley_formation.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 
• "Beach ridges of former Glacial Lake Agassiz, northwestern Manitoba". Natural Resources Canada. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/landscapes/details_e.php?photoID=480. Retrieved 2 September 2008. 
• "Lake Agassiz Bathymetric Maps: Herman and Upper Campbell". http://www.webpages.ttu.edu/dleverin/quaternary_envs/quaternary_environments.html#agassiz. Retrieved 2 Nov 2009.