Energy in the United States
The United States is the 2nd largest energy consumer in terms of total use in 2010.[1] The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per-capita after Canada and a number of small countries.[2][3] Not included is the significant amount of energy used overseas in the production of retail and industrial goods consumed in the U.S.
The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels: in 2009, EIA data showed 37% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 21% from coal, and 25% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 9% and renewable energy supplied 8%, which was mainly from hydroelectric dams although other renewables are included such as wind power, geothermal and solar energy.[4] Energy consumption has increased at a faster rate than energy production over the last fifty years in the U.S.(when they were roughly equal). This difference is now largely met through imports.[5]
According to the Energy Information Administration's statistics, the per-capita energy consumption in the US has been somewhat consistent from the 1970s to today. The average has been 335.9 million British thermal units (BTUs) per person from 1980 to 2006. One explanation suggested for this is that the energy required to produce the increase in US consumption of manufactured equipment, cars, and other goods has been shifted to other countries producing and transporting those goods to the US with a corresponding shift of green house gases and pollution. In comparison, the world average has increased from 63.7 in 1980 to 72.4 million BTU's per person in 2006. On the other hand, US "off-shoring" of manufacturing is sometimes exaggerated: US domestic manufacturing has grown by 50% since 1980.
The development of renewable energy and energy efficiency marks "a new era of energy exploration" in the United States, according to President Barack Obama.[6]
Energy in the United States[7] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | Consumption | Production | Import | Electricity | CO2-emission | |
Million | TWh | TWh | TWh | TWh | Mt | |
2004 | 294.0 | 27,050 | 19,085 | 8,310 | 3,921 | 5,800 |
2007 | 302.1 | 27,214 | 19,366 | 8,303 | 4,113 | 5,769 |
2008 | 304.5 | 26,560 | 19,841 | 7,379 | 4,156 | 5,596 |
2009 | 307.5 | 25,155 | 19,613 | 6,501 | 3,962 | 5,195 |
2010 [8] | 309.3 | 28,714 | 22,063 | 6,334 | ||
Change 2004-2009 | 4.6 % | -7.0 % | 2.8 % | -21.8 % | 1.0 % | -10.4 % |
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh,[9] Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[10] |
Primary energy use in the United States was 25,155 TWh and 82 TWh per million persons in 2009. Primary energy use was 1,100 TWh less in the US than in China in 2009. Same year the share of energy import in the US was 26 % of the primary energy use. The energy import declined ca 22 % and the annual CO2 emissions ca 10 % in 2009 compared to 2004.[11]
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[edit] History
From its founding until the late 18th century, the United States was a largely agrarian country with abundant forests. During this period, energy consumption overwhelmingly focused on readily available firewood. Rapid industrialization of the economy, urbanization, and the growth of railroads led to increased use of coal, and by 1885 it had eclipsed wood as the nation's primary energy source.
Coal remained dominant for the next 7 decades, but by 1950, it was surpassed in turn by both petroleum and natural gas. As of 2011[update], coal consumption is the highest it has ever been, with coal mostly being used to generate electricity. Natural gas, which is cleaner-burning and more easily transportable, has replaced coal as the preferred source of heating in homes, businesses and industrial furnaces. Although total energy use increased by approximately a factor of 50 between 1850 and 2000, energy use per capita increased only by a factor of four. As of 2009, United States per capita energy use had declined to 7075 more than 12% since 2000, and currently is at levels not seen since 1960s usage levels.[12] At the beginning of the 20th century, petroleum was a minor resource used to manufacture lubricants and fuel for kerosene and oil lamps. One hundred years later it had become the preeminent energy source for the U.S. and the rest of the world. This rise closely paralleled the emergence of the automobile as a major force in American culture and the economy.
While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other chemicals, and powers various industrial processes, today two-thirds of oil consumption in the U.S. is in the form of its derived transportation fuels.[13] Oil's unique qualities for transportation fuels in terms of energy content, cost of production, and speed of refueling have made it difficult to supplant with technological alternatives developed so far.
In June 2010, the American Energy Innovation Council,[14] (which includes Bill Gates, Microsoft; Jeffrey R. Immelt, chief executive of General Electric; and John Doerr) has urged the government to more than triple spending on energy research and development, to $16 billion a year. Mr. Gates endorsed the administration’s goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050, but said that was not possible with today’s technology or politicism. He said that the only way to find such disruptive new technology was to pour large sums of money at the problem. The group notes that the federal government spends less than $5 billion a year on energy research and development, not counting one-time stimulus projects. About $30 billion is spent annually on health research and more than $80 billion on military R.& D. They advocate a jump in spending on basic energy research.[15]
[edit] Current consumption
The U.S. Department of Energy tracks national energy consumption in four broad sectors: industrial, transportation, residential, and commercial. The industrial sector has long been the country's largest energy user, currently representing about 33% of the total. Next in importance is the transportation sector, followed by the residential and commercial sectors.
Sector Name | Description | Major uses[16][17][18] |
---|---|---|
Industrial | Facilities and equipment used for producing and processing goods. | 22% chemical production 16% petroleum refining 14% metal smelting/refining |
Transportation | Vehicles which transport people/goods on ground, air or water. | 61% gasoline fuel 21% diesel fuel 12% aviation |
Residential | Living quarters for private households. | 32% space heating 13% water heating 12% lighting 11% air conditioning 8% refrigeration 5% electronics 5% wet-clean (mostly clothes dryers) |
Commercial | Service-providing facilities and equipment (businesses, government, other institutions). | 25% lighting 13% heating 11% cooling 6% refrigeration 6% water heating 6% ventilation 6% electronics |
The breakdown of energy consumption by source is given here:
Fuel type | 2006 US consumption in PWh[19] | 2006 World consumption in PWh[20] |
Oil | 11.71 | 50.33 |
Gas | 6.50 | 31.65 |
Coal | 6.60 | 37.38 |
Hydroelectric | 0.84 | 8.71 |
Nuclear | 2.41 | 8.14 |
Geothermal, wind, solar, wood, waste |
0.95 | 1.38 |
Total | 29.26 | 138.41 |
U.S, Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector in 2008 is tabled as following:
Supply Sources | Percent of Source | Demand Sectors | Percent of Sector |
---|---|---|---|
Petroleum 37.1% |
71% Transportation 23% Industrial 5% Residential and Commercial 1% Electric Power |
Transportation 27.8% |
95% Petroleum 2% Natural Gas 3% Renewable Energy |
Natural Gas 23.8% |
3% Transportation 34% Industrial 34% Residential and Commercial 29% Electric Power |
Industrial 20.6% |
42% Petroleum 40% Natural Gas 9% Coal 10% Renewable Energy |
Coal 22.5% |
8% Industrial <1% Residential and Commercial 91% Electric Power |
Residential and Commercial 10.8% |
16% Petroleum 76% Natural Gas 1% Coal 1% Renewable Energy |
Renewable Energy 7.3% |
11% Transportation 28% Industrial 10% Residential and Commercial 51% Electric Power |
Electric Power 40.1% |
1% Petroleum 17% Natural Gas 51% Coal 9% Renewable Energy 21% Nuclear Electric Power |
Nuclear Electric Power 8.5% (30%[22]) |
100% Electric Power |
Note: Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.
Total Primary Consumption Historical Evolution in U.S until 2009.
Total Consumption until 2009 in Mtoe [23]:
1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2008-2009 | CAGR 2000-09 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,914 | 1,929.6 | 1,967.5 | 2,000.9 | 2,041.3 | 2,067.3 | 2,118.4 | 2,140.7 | 2,167.2 | 2,215.9 | 2,279.6 | 2,235.8 | 2,270.6 | 2,265.2 | 2,311 | 2,324.6 | 2,304.5 | 2,340.4 | 2,301.4 | 2,201.4 | -4.3% | 0.4% |
CAGR = Compound Annual Growth Rate Note: Total energy includes coal, gas, oil, electricity, heat and biomass.
[edit] Regional variation
Household energy use varies significantly across the United States. An average home in the Pacific region (consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington) consumes 35% less energy than a home in the South Central region. Most of the regional differences can be explained by climate. The heavily populated coastal areas of the Pacific states experience generally mild winters and summers, reducing the need for both home heating and air conditioning. The warm, humid climates of the South Central and South Atlantic regions lead to higher electricity usage, while the cold winters experienced in the Northeast and North Central regions result in much higher consumption of natural gas and heating oil.
Another reason for regional differences is the variety of building codes and environmental regulations found at the local and state level. California has some of the strictest environmental laws and building codes in the country, which may contribute to the fact that its per-household energy consumption is lower than all other states except Hawaii.
Major U.S. cities also show significant variation in per capita energy consumption. In addition to differences in regional climates and variations in building code standards, factors affecting energy use in cities include population density and building design. Townhouses are more energy efficient than single-family homes because less heat, for example, is wasted per person.
[edit] Oil consumption
During the 1990s, the United States imported over two-thirds of its oil. As of 2011[update], this has fallen; less than half of US oil consumption is now imported.[26]
In 2010 2/3 of total petroleum consumption was for transportation. Almost 2/3 of transportation consumption was gasoline.[verification needed]
During the Carter administration, in response to an energy crisis and hostile Iranian and Soviet Union relations, President Jimmy Carter announced the Carter Doctrine which declared that any interference with U. S. interests in the Persian Gulf would be considered an attack on U.S. vital interests.[27] This doctrine was expanded by Ronald Reagan.[28]
In the movie, Blood and Oil, Nation magazine correspondent Michael T. Klare says that the George W. Bush Administration extended the Carter Doctrine even further to the reaches of Africa through the creation of the United States African Command. He says this command is just there to protect African oil, and that there is a race for scarce oil resources as China and Russia follow the path of the United States's policy in the past by wanting oil for their developing economies.[29]
[edit] Coal
[edit] Electrical Energy
The United States of America (USA) is the world's second[30] largest producer/user of electric energy. It consumes about 20%[31] of the world's supply of electricity. This section provides a summary of the consumption and generation of the USA Electric industry. Based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2010 files[32] Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) files. Consumption is detailed from the residential, commercial, industrial, and other user communities. Generation is detailed for the major fuel sources of coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, hydro and the other renewables of wind, wood, other biomass, geothermal and solar. Changes to the electrical energy fuel mix and other trends and changes from 2007 and 2000 are identified. Progress in wind and solar contributions to the energy mix are addressed. Expected changes in the generation environment during the next 5 years are discussed.
[edit] Consumption
Total electrical energy consumption in 2010 was 4,151 Billion Kwhs (B Kwhs). 125.7 Million residential customers used 1,446 B Kwhs- 34.8% of USA’s 2010 load. 17.7 Million commercial customers used 1,330 B Kwhs- 32 %. 748K Industrial customers used 970 B Kwhs- 23.4%. 397 B Kwhs or 9.6% were losses from the system (135 B Kwhs) and for unaccounted loads (262 B Kwhs). Average residential monthly usage was about 959 Kwhs and at a cost of $110.67/month.
Total Consumption in the peak year of 2007 was 4,184.5 B Kwh’s up from 3,836 in 2000. Percentages for each consumer type is shown in the following graph
[edit] Generation
USA’s 1137.3 Gigawatt power infrastructure produced 4,125 Billion Kwhs (B Kwhs)in 2010. USA imports minus exports was 26 B Kwhs or 0.6% of what was used. Electrical energy generated from Coal was 1,847 B Kwhs (44.5%); Natural Gas, 999 B Kwhs (24.1%); Nuclear, 807 B Kwhs (19.4%); Hydro, 255 B Kwhs (6.1%); Renewables, 167 B Kwhs (4%); Petroleum, 37 B Kwhs (0.9%); and Misc 13 B Kwhs (0.3%). USA’s renewable fuels (Hydro reported separately) are Wind, 95 B Kwhs (2.3%); Wood, 37 B Kwh (0.9%); other Biomass, 19 B Kwhs (0.45% ); Geothermal, 15 B Kwhs and Solar, 1 B Kwhs (0.02%). The following tables summarize the electrical energy generated by fuel source for the USA. Data from Electric Power Annual 2010 state data summary[33]]was also used. Changes in each fuels contribution from 2000 to 2010 are highlighted.
Power Source | Units in Operation | Power Capacity (GW) | % of total Capacity | Capacity Factor | Annual Energy (billion kWh) | % of annual production |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coal | 1396 | 342.3 | 30 | 0.616 | 1,847 | 44.5 |
Nat Gas | 5635 | 470.3 | 41.4 | 0.242 | 999 | 24.1 |
Nuclear | 104 | 106.7 | 9.4 | 0.863 | 807 | 19.4 |
Hydro | 4,171 | 98.7 | 8.7 | 0.295 | 255 | 6.1 |
Renewables | 3,014 | 56.8 | 5 | 0.336 | 167 | 4 |
Petroleum | 3,779 | 62.5 | 5.5 | 0.068 | 37 | 0.9 |
Misc | 51 | 13 | 0.3 | |||
Import | 26 | 0.6 | ||||
Total | 18,150 | 1137.3 | 100 | 0.42 | 4,151 | 100 |
Power Source | Units in Operation | Power Capacity (GW) | % of total Capacity | Capacity Factor | Annual Energy (billion kWh) | % of annual production |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydro | 4,171 | 98.7 | 8.7 | 0.295 | 255 | 6.1 |
Wind | 689 | 39.5 | 3.5 | 0.27 | 95 | 2.3 |
Wood | 346 | 7.9 | 0.7 | 0.53 | 37 | 0.9 |
Biomass | 1,574 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.43 | 19 | 0.45 |
GeoThermal | 225 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 0.49 | 15 | 0.36 |
Solar | 180 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.02 |
Total | 7,185 | 155.5 | 13.7 | 0.31 | 422 | 10.1 |
Year | Fossil Fuel | Nuclear | Renewable | Misc | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coal | Oil | Gas | sub total |
Hydro | Geo Thermal |
Solar | Wind | Wood | Bio other* |
sub Total |
||||
2010 | 1,847 | 37 | 999 | 2,883 | 807 | 255 | 15 | 1 | 95 | 37 | 19 | 422 | 39 | 4,151 |
Proportion | 44.5% | 0.9% | 24.1% | 69.5% | 19.4% | 6.1% | 0.36% | 0.02% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 0.45% | 10.1% | 0.9% | 100% |
2009 | 1,756 | 39 | 931 | 2,726 | 799 | 269 | 15 | 1 | 74 | 36 | 18 | 413 | 46 | 3,984 |
2008 | 1,986 | 46 | 894 | 2,926 | 806 | 249 | 15 | 1 | 55 | 37.3 | 17.6 | 375 | 44.6 | 4,151.6 |
2007 | 2,016.5 | 65.7 | 910 | 2,990 | 806 | 241 | 15 | 0.6 | 34 | 39 | 16.5 | 346 | 39 | 4,187.4 |
2000 | 1,966 | 111 | 615 | 2,692 | 754 | 270 | 14 | 0.5 | 5.6 | 37.6 | 23 | 318.7 | 38.6 | 3,836 |
Proportion | 51.3% | 2.9% | 16% | 70.2% | 19.7% | 7% | 0.37% | 0.01% | 0.14% | 1% | 0.6% | 9.1% | 1% | 100% |
1999 | 1,881 | 118 | 570 | 2,569 | 728 | 313.4 | 14.8 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 37 | 22.6 | 392.8 | 33 | 3,723.7 |
- Solar includes Photovoltics and Thermal.
- Misc includes Misc generation and Imports.
- Bio Other includes Waste, Landfill Gas, and Other.
- Hydro includes pumped storage.
[edit] Trends
In 2010 USA’s electrical energy usage was 8% more than in 2000. It was 1% less than the peak in 2007. For the forseeable future, Coal, Natural Gas, and Nuclear will remain the top three fuels for electric energy generation in the USA with Natural Gas increasing its contribution. Hydro will hardly maintain. Petroleum will continue to decrease in importance. Wind and Solar will continue to grow in capacity but their combined contribution to USA energy output will be challenged to reach 4% in five years. *Capacity factor for Wind in 2010 was 0.27; Solar, 0.13.
[edit] Plans
In the next 5 years the USA plans to add 19 Coal fueled facilities for an increase of 10.023 Gigawatts; 110 Natural Gas, 39.156 Gigawatts; 161 Wind, 15.253 Gigawatts; 176 Solar, 8.295 Gigawatts; one Nuclear, 1.15 Gigawatts; 21 Wood, 0.846 Gigawatts; 17 Geothermal, 0.82 Gigawatts; 22 Hydro, 0.697 Gigawatts; 21 Petroleum, 0.618 Gigawatts; and 60 other Biomass, 0.543 Gigawatts. This will increase the USA generating infrastructure by 78 Gigawatts or 7%. Wind generating capability would increase by 38.6%; Solar, 922%. Expected 2015 energy output from Wind could be 3.2% of USA electrical energy usage. Solar could be 0.5%
References:
- ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43327793/ns/business-oil_and_energy/t/china-surpasses-us-top-energy-consumer/
- ^ World Per Capita Total Primary Energy Consumption,1980-2005 (MS Excel format)
- ^ World Resources Institute "Energy Consumption: Consumption per capita" (2001). Nations with higher per-capita consumption are: Qatar, Iceland, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Luxembourg and Canada. Except for Canada, these are small countries with a prominent energy-intensive industry such as oil refining or steelmaking.
- ^ US Dept. of Energy, "Annual Energy Report" (2008), Energy Flow diagram
- ^ Ristinen, Robert, A. Energy and the Environment. Malloy, 2006. Print.
- ^ US Dept. of Energy, "President Obama Touts Clean Energy on Earth Day" (April 29, 2009)
- ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
- ^ US Energy Information Administration. "Annual Energy Review 2010." Released: Oct 2011.
- ^ One million tonnes of oil equivalent = 11.63 trillion watt-hours.
- ^ Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto
- ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2011 October 2011
- ^ http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=eg_use_pcap_kg_oe#ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=eg_use_pcap_kg_oe&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:USA&ifdim=country&hl=en&dl=en
- ^ US Dept. of Energy, "Energy in the United States: 1635-2000"
- ^ http://www.americanenergyinnovation.org/
- ^ Broder, John M. (2010-06-09). "A Call to Triple U.S. Spending on Energy Research". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/business/energy-environment/10gates.html?ref=technology.
- ^ US Dept. of Energy, "Manufacturing Trend Data" (2002), Table 2b
- ^ US Dept. of Energy, "Annual Energy Outlook" (February 2006), Table A2
- ^ US Dept. of Energy, "Buildings Energy Data Book" (September 2006), sec. 1.2.3
- ^ Energy Information Administration (August 2005). "2004 U. S. Energy Consumption by Energy Source". http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/trends/table1.html. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
- ^ "World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country Groups , 1980-2004" (XLS). Energy Information Administration. July 31, 2006. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
- ^ US Dept. of Energy, "U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008" (2009)
- ^ Premiere Radio Networks, The Rush Limbaugh Show, 3/14/11, "[1]" (2011)
- ^ Statistical Yearbook 2010
- ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2009), Consumption Estimates, http://205.254.135.24/state/seds/seds-data-complete.cfm#summary, retrieved 20011-10-03
- ^ New York City Mayor's Office of Sustainability (2007). "New York City's Climate Change Challenges through 2030" (PDF). http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/downloads/pdf/greenyc_climate-change.pdf. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
- ^ Moore, Stephen (2011-10-01). "How North Dakota Became Saudi Arabia: Harold Hamm, discoverer of the Bakken fields of the northern Great Plains, on America's oil future and why OPEC's days are numbered.". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204226204576602524023932438.html?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEADTop. Retrieved 2011-10-01. "When OPEC was at its peak in the 1990s, the U.S. imported about two-thirds of its oil. Now we import less than half of it, and about 40% of what we do import comes from Mexico and Canada."
- ^ Carter, Jimmy (1980-01-23). Third State of the Union Address. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library. http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml. Retrieved 2008-07-27
- ^ Dumbrell, John (1996). American Foreign Policy: Carter to Clinton. MacMillan. p. 81. ISBN 9780312163952. http://books.google.com/?id=nJESOWPgz14C&dq=american+foreign+policy+carter+to+clinton&pg=PP1. Retrieved 2008-07-27
- ^ "Michael T. Klare's "Blood and Oil"." Michael T. Klare's "Blood and Oil". N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Mar. 2012. <http://www.bloodandoilmovie.com/>.
- ^ [2] retrieved 2012-3-25
- ^ [3] retrieved 2012-3-25
- ^ [4] retrieved 2012-2-20
- ^ [5] retrieved 2012-2-20
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[edit] Energy consumption of computers in the USA
Visible or embedded (i. e. hidden) computers are found everywhere: in all sectors listed in the above chapter, as well as in all subsectors listed in the column entitled Major uses in the above tables. In 1999, a study by Mark. P. Mills[1] of the Green Earth Society reported that computers consumed 13% of the entire US supply. Numerous researchers questioned Mills' methodology and it was later demonstrated that he was off by an order of magnitude; for example, Lawrence Berkeley Labs concluded that the figure was nearer three percent of US electricity use. Although the Mills study was inaccurate,[2][3][4] it helped drive the debate to the national level, and in 2006 the US Senate started a study of the energy consumption of Server farms.
[edit] International Cooperation
President Barack Obama and China's President Hu Jintao announced on 2009-11-17 a far-reaching package of measures to strengthen cooperation between the United States and China on clean energy. The presidents began by establishing a U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center to facilitate joint research and development of renewable energy technologies by scientists from both countries. The center will be supported by $150 million in public and private funds over the next five years, split evenly between the partners. Initial research priorities will be building energy efficiency and electric vehicles.[citation needed]
The two countries will also leverage private sector resources to develop clean energy projects in China through the U.S.-China Energy Cooperation Program (ECP). More than 22 companies are founding members of the program. The ECP will include collaborative projects involving renewable energy, smart grids, electric vehicles, green buildings, combined heat and power and energy efficiency.[5]
[edit] See also
- Carter Doctrine
- The Climate Registry
- Efficient energy use
- Energy conservation
- Energy development
- Energy conservation in the United States
- Energy policy of the United States
- Energy security
- World energy resources and consumption
- List of countries by energy consumption and production
- Petroleum in the United States
- Renewable energy in the United States
- Individual states:
[edit] References
- ^ Mills, M.P. (1999). The Internet Begins with Coal. Green Earth Society, USA.
- ^ Allan Chen, "Research finds computer-related energy use to be overestimated" (February 2001)
- ^ Brian Hayes, "The computer and the dynamo" (September 2001)
- ^ Information Technology and Resource Use, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- ^ http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=15630
[edit] Further reading
- Tough Love for Renewable Energy; Making Wind and Solar Power Affordable May/June 2012 Foreign Affairs
[edit] External links
- Energy Information Administration - Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government's Energy Information Administration
- Biomass Energy Data Book
- Buildings Energy Data Book
- Power Technologies Energy Data Book (renewables)
- Transportation Energy Data Book
- Interactive United States Energy Comparisons
- Renewable Energy Tops 10% of U.S. Energy Production
- World Energy Lighting
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