United States Department of Agriculture

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United States Department of Agriculture
US-DeptOfAgriculture-Seal2.svg
Seal of the Department of Agriculture
USDA logo.svg
Logo of the USDA
USDA Bldg., Washington, D.C. IMG 4787.JPG
Jamie L. Whitten Building in Washington D.C.
Agency overview
Formed May 15, 1862
Cabinet status: February 15, 1889
Preceding agency Agricultural Division
Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States
Headquarters 1301 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C.
38°53′12″N 77°01′47″W / 38.88667°N 77.02972°W / 38.88667; -77.02972
Employees 105,778 (June 2007)
Annual budget US$109.3 billion (2009)
US$129.3 billion (est. 2010)
US$132.3 billion (est. 2011)
Agency executives Thomas J. Vilsack, Secretary of Agriculture
Kathleen Merrigan, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture
Child agency Click here
Website
usda.gov

The United States Department of Agriculture (informally the Agriculture Department or USDA) is the United States federal executive department responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food. It aims to meet the needs of farmers and ranchers, promote agricultural trade and production, work to assure food safety, protect natural resources, foster rural communities and end hunger in the United States and abroad.

The head of the department is the Secretary of Agriculture, who is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary is Tom Vilsack.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Origins

Early in its history, the economy of the United States was largely agrarian. Officials in the federal government had long sought new and improved varieties of seeds, plants and animals for importation to the United States. In 1837 Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, a Yale-educated attorney interested in improving agriculture, became Commissioner of Patents, a position within the Department of State. He soon began collecting and distributing new varieties of seeds and plants through members of the Congress and agricultural societies. In 1839, Congress established the Agricultural Division within the Patent Office and allotted $1,000 for "the collection of agricultural statistics and other agricultural purposes."

Ellsworth's interest in aiding agriculture was evident in his annual reports that called for a public depository to preserve and distribute the various new seeds and plants, a clerk to collect agricultural statistics, the preparation of statewide reports about crops in different regions, and the application of chemistry to agriculture. Ellsworth's agricultural focus earned him the sobriquet of "The Father of the Department of Agriculture."

In 1849, the Patent Office was transferred to the newly created Department of the Interior. In the ensuing years, agitation for a separate bureau of agriculture within the department or a separate department devoted to agriculture kept recurring.

The USDA was created by Abraham Lincoln in order to help out the United States economy.[citation needed]

[edit] Formation and subsequent history

On May 15, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln established the independent Department of Agriculture to be headed by a Commissioner without Cabinet status.[1] Lincoln called it the "people's department." In the 1880s, varied advocacy groups were lobbying for Cabinet representation. Business interests sought a Department of Commerce and Industry, and farmers tried to raise the Department of Agriculture to Cabinet rank. In 1887, the House of Representatives and Senate passed bills giving Cabinet status to the Department of Agriculture and Labor, but the bill was killed in conference committee after farm interests objected to the addition of labor. Finally, on February 9, 1889, President Grover Cleveland signed a bill into law elevating the Department of Agriculture to Cabinet level[2]

In 1887, the Hatch Act provided for the federal funding of agricultural experiment stations in each state. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 then funded cooperative extension services in each state to teach agriculture, home economics and related subjects to the public. With these and similar provisions, the USDA reached out to every county of every state.

During the Great Depression, farming remained a common way of life for millions of Americans. The Department of Agriculture was crucial to providing concerned persons with the assistance that they needed to make it through this difficult period, helping to ensure that food continued to be produced and distributed to those who needed it, assisting with loans for small landowners, and contributing to the education of the rural youth.

Allegations have been made that throughout the agency's history that its personnel have discriminated against African-American farmers, denying them loans and access to other programs well into the 1990s.[3] The effect of this discrimination has been the reduction in the number of African-American farmers in the United States.[4] In 1999, the USDA settled a class action lawsuit (Pigford v. Glickman) alleging discrimination against African-American farmers in the late twentieth century. The government's settlement of nearly $1 billion with more than 13,300 farmers was reportedly the largest civil rights claim to date.[5] The 2008 Farm Bill provided for additional farmers to have their claims heard, as 70,000 had filed late in the original program.[5] In 2010 the federal government made another $1.2 billion settlement in what is called Pigford II for outstanding claims.[6]

Today, many of the programs concerned with the distribution of food and nutrition to people of America and providing nourishment as well as nutrition education to those in need are run and operated under the USDA Food and Nutrition Service. Activities in this program include the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, which provides healthy food to over 40 million low-income and homeless individuals and families each month,[7]. USDA is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness,[8] where it is committed to working with other agencies to ensure these mainstream benefits are accessed by those experiencing homelessness.

The USDA also is concerned with assisting farmers and food producers with the sale of crops and food on both a domestic and on the world market. It plays a role in overseas aid programs by providing surplus foods to developing countries. This aid can go through USAID, foreign governments, international bodies such as World Food Program, or approved non profit organizations. The Agricultural Act of 1949, section 416 (b) and Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, also known as Public Law 480 or Food for Peace, provides the legal basis of such actions.

[edit] Operating units

[edit] Active

[edit] Inactive

[edit] Related legislation

The Secretary of Agriculture's office is located in the Jamie L. Whitten Building.
USDA Visitor's Center in the Jamie L. Whitten Building.

Important legislation setting policy of the USDA includes the:

[edit] See also

Portal icon Government of the United States portal
Portal icon Agriculture portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ 12 Stat. 387, now codified at 7 U.S.C. § 2201.
  2. ^ 25 Stat 659 (February 9, 1889)
  3. ^ General Accounting Office, USDA - Problems Continue to Hinder the Timely Processing of Discrimination Complaints, January 1999
  4. ^ Brooks, Roy L. Atonement and Forgiveness: A New Model for Black Reparations. University of California Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0-520-24813-9. 
  5. ^ a b Pickert, Kate (July 23, 2010). "When Shirley Sherrod Was First Wronged by the USDA". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2006058,00.html?xid=rss-fullnation-yahoo. 
  6. ^ Tadlock Cowan and Jody Feder, "The Pigford Cases: USDA Settlement of Discrimination Suits by Black Farmers", Congressional Research Service, 14 June 2011, accessed 1 December 2011
  7. ^ FNS Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
  8. ^ Member Agency | United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH)
  9. ^ a b c "Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering [BPISAE: Administrative History"]
  10. ^ Established in 1886 according to Griesbach, Rob "BARC History: Bureau of Plant Industry"
  11. ^ Griesbach, Rob "BARC History: Bureau of Plant Industry"

[edit] External links

Agencies under the United States Department of Agriculture
Under Secretary of Agriculture for
Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services
United States Department of Agriculture Seal
Under Secretary of Agriculture for
Natural Resources and Environment
Under Secretary of Agriculture for
Rural Development
Under Secretary of Agriculture for
Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services
Under Secretary of Agriculture for
Food Safety
Under Secretary of Agriculture for
Research, Education, and Economics
Under Secretary of Agriculture for
Marketing and Regulatory Programs
Department of the Interior
Department of Commerce
Department of Energy
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy • Energy Information Administration • Federal Energy Regulatory Commission • Biological and Environmental Research • Office of Environmental Management
Department of Agriculture
Department of Health
and Human Services
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