Chipewyan language
Chipewyan | ||||
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Dene Suline ᑌᓀᓱᒼᕄᓀ Dëne Sųłiné |
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Spoken natively in | Canada | |||
Region | Northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba; southern Northwest Territories and Nunavut | |||
Ethnicity | Chipewyan people | |||
Native speakers | 11,900 (2006)[1] | |||
Language family |
Dené–Yeniseian?
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Language codes | ||||
ISO 639-2 | chp | |||
ISO 639-3 | chp | |||
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Dene Suline or Chipewyan (also Dëne Sųłiné, Dene Sųłiné, Dene Suliné, Dëne Suliné, Dene Soun’liné or just Dene) is the language spoken by the Chipewyan people of northwestern Canada. It is categorized as part of the Northern Athabaskan language family. Dene Suline has over 11,000 speakers in Canada, mostly in Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories,[1] but only has official status in the Northwest Territories alongside 8 other aboriginal languages: Cree, Dogrib, Gwich’in, Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey and South Slavey.[2]
Contents |
[edit] Sounds
[edit] Consonants
The 39 consonants of Dene Suline:
Bilabial | Inter- dental |
Dental | Post- alveolar |
Velar/Uvular | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | plain | labial | ||||||
Nasal | m m | n n | |||||||
Plosive | plain | b p | d t | g k | gw kʷ | ||||
aspirated | t tʰ | k kʰ | kw kʷʰ | ||||||
ejective | tʼ tʼ | kʼ kʼ | kwʼ kʼʷ | ɂ ʔ | |||||
Affricate | plain | ddh tθ | dz ts | dl tɬ | j tʃ | ||||
aspirated | tth tθʰ | ts tsʰ | tł tɬʰ | ch tʃʰ | |||||
ejective | tthʼ tθʼ | tsʼ tsʼ | tłʼ tɬʼ | chʼ tʃʼ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | th θ | s s | ł ɬ | sh ʃ | hh χ | hhw χʷ | h h | |
voiced | dh ð | z z | l ɮ | zh ʒ | gh ʁ | ghw ʁʷ | |||
Trill | r r |
The "velar" fricatives are actually uvular.
[edit] Vowels
Dene Suline has vowels of 6 differing qualities.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i i | u u | |
Close-mid | ë/e e | o o | |
Open-mid | e ɛ | ||
Open | a a |
Most vowels can be either
As a result, Dene Suline has 18 phonemic vowels:
Front | Central | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
Close | oral | i | iː | u | uː | ||
nasal | ĩ | ĩː | ũ | ũː | |||
Close-mid | e | o | |||||
Open-mid | oral | ɛ | ɛː | ||||
nasal | ɛ̃ | ɛ̃ː | |||||
Open | oral | a | aː | ||||
nasal | ã | ãː |
Dene Suline also has 9 oral and nasal diphthongs of the form vowel + /j/.
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
Close | uj | ũj | ||||
Mid | ej | ẽj | əj | oj | õj | |
Open | aj | ãj |
[edit] Tone
Dene Suline has two tones:
- high
- low
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b Statistics Canada: 2006 Census Sum of 'Chipewyan' and 'Dene'.
- ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)
[edit] Bibliography
- Cook, Eung-Do. (2004). A Grammar of Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan). Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics - Special Athabaskan Number, Memoir 17. Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics. ISBN 0-921064-17-9.
- Cook, Eung-Do. 2006. "The Patterns of Consonantal Acquisition and Change in Chipewyan (Dene Suline)". International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 2: 236.
- De Reuse, Willem. 2006. "A Grammar of Dene Suline (Chipewyan) (Cook)". International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 4: 535.
- Elford, Leon W. Dene sųłiné yati ditł'ísé = Dene sųłiné reader. Prince Albert, SK: Northern Canada Mission Distributors, 2001. ISBN 1-896968-28-7
- Gessner, S. 2005. "Properties of Tone in Dene Suline". Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science. Series IV, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. 269: 229-248.
- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-216-6.
- Li, Fang-Kuei. (1946). Chipewyan. In C. Osgood & H. Hoijer (Eds.), Linguistic Structures of Native America (pp. 398–423). New York: The Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology (No. 6). (Reprinted 1963, 1965, 1967, & 1971, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp.).
[edit] External links
- Chipewyan at Ethnologue
- First Voices Dene Community Portal
- Our Languages: Dene (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
- history & background
- reservations
- reservation maps
- preservation/revitalization
- alphabet
- grammar
- terms/phrases (includes sound files)
- OLAC resources in and about the Chipewyan language