James Clark Ross

This article is about the British naval officer and explorer. For the British Antarctic Survey supply and research ship, see RRS James Clark Ross.

For other uses, see James Ross (disambiguation).

James Clark Ross
Sir James Clark Ross. Beside him is a dip circle designed by Robert Were Fox, and used by Ross to discover the magnetic south pole.
Born	15 April 1800 London
Died	3 April 1862(1862-04-03) (aged 61)
Nationality	British
Known for	Antarctica
Home town	1

Sir James Clark Ross (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862), was a British naval officer and explorer. He explored the Arctic with his uncle Sir John Ross and Sir William Parry, and later led his own expedition to Antarctica.

Arctic explorer

Ross was born in London, the nephew of Sir John Ross, under whom he entered the navy in 1812, accompanying him on Sir John's first Arctic voyage in search of a Northwest Passage in 1818. Between 1819 and 1827, Ross took part in four Arctic expeditions under Sir William Parry, and in 1829 to 1833, again served under his uncle on Sir John's second Arctic voyage. It was during this trip that they located the position of the North Magnetic Pole on 1 June 1831 on the Boothia Peninsula in the far north of Canada. It was on this trip, too, that Ross charted the Beaufort Islands, later renamed Clarence Islands by his uncle.

In 1834, Ross was promoted to Captain. In December 1835 he offered his services to the Admiralty to resupply 11 whaling ships which had become trapped in Baffin Bay. They accepted his offer and he set sail in the HMS Cove in January 1836. The crossing was difficult, and by the time he had reached the last known position of the whalers in June, all but one had managed to return home. Ross found no trace of this last vessel, the William Torr, which was probably crushed in the ice in December 1835. He returned to Hull in September 1836 with all his crew in good health.

From 1835–39, except for his voyage with the Cove, he conducted a magnetic survey of Great Britain with Edward Sabine.

Antarctic explorer

Between 1839 and 1843 Ross commanded an Antarctic expedition comprising the vessels HMS Erebus and HMS Terror and charted much of the coastline of the continent. Support for the expedition had been arranged by Francis Beaufort, hydrographer of the Navy and a member of several scientific societies. On the expedition was Joseph Dalton Hooker, who had been invited along as assistant surgeon. Erebus and Terror were bomb vessels – an unusual type of warship named after the mortar bombs they were designed to fire and constructed with extremely strong hulls, to withstand the recoil of the mortars, which were to prove of great value in thick ice.

In 1841, James Ross discovered the Ross Sea, Victoria Land, and the volcanoes Mount Erebus and Mount Terror, which were named for the expedition's vessels. They sailed for 250 nautical miles (460 km) along the edge of the low, flat-topped ice shelf they called the Victoria Barrier, later named "Ross Ice Shelf" in his honour. In the following year, he attempted to penetrate south at about 55°W, and explored the eastern side of what is now known as James Ross Island, discovering and naming Snow Hill Island and Seymour Island. It is noteworthy^{[citation needed]} that Ross reported that Admiralty Sound was blocked by glaciers at its southern end, providing evidence for a much greater extent for the ice shelves in Prince Gustav Channel and the northern Larsen Ice Shelf.

On his return, Ross was knighted, and was also nominated to the French order of the Legion d'Honneur. In 1847, he published his account of the expedition under the title of A Voyage of Discovery and Research to Southern and Antarctic Regions. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1848, and in that year made his last expedition, as captain of HMS Enterprise, accompanied by HMS Investigator, in the first expedition in search of Sir John Franklin.

James was married to Lady Ann Ross. He died at Aylesbury in 1862, five years after his wife. A blue plaque marks Ross's home in Eliot Place, Blackheath, London. His closest friend was Captain Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier with whom he sailed many times. Crozier has never been found after he participated in The Franklin Expedition and became leader after the death of Sir John Franklin.

James also lived in the ancient country house of the Abbotts of St Albans, later known as The Abbey, Aston Abbotts in Buckinghamshire. He is buried with his wife in the local churchyard. In the gardens of the Abbey there is a lake with two islands, named after the ships Terror and Erebus.

Tributes

• The Ross seal, one of the four Antarctic phocids, first described during the expedition of 1839-1843.
• The James Ross Strait, in the Canadian province of Nunavut, is named after him.
• Named after James Ross, the Ross Ice Shelf is Antarctica's largest ice shelf.
• RRS James Clark Ross is a British Antarctic Survey research ship.
• The crater Ross on the Moon is jointly named after James Clark Ross and Frank Elmore Ross.
• Ross's Gull, a small gull, the only species in its genus, that breeds in the high arctic of northernmost North America and northeast Siberia.

See also

• European and American voyages of scientific exploration

References

• The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration From Frobisher to Ross - E C Coleman - 2006 ISBN 0-7524-3660-0
• The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration From Franklin to Scott - E C Coleman - 2006

External links

•  "Ross, John (explorer)". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.