Hotspot (geology)

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This article is about the geologic term. For other uses, see Hotspot (disambiguation).
Diagram showing a cross section though the Earth's lithosphere (in yellow) with magma rising from the mantle (in red)

The places known as hotspots or hot spots in geology are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the mantle elsewhere. They may be on, near to, or far from tectonic plate boundaries. There are two hypotheses to explain them. One suggests that they are due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary.[1] The other hypothesis postulates that it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism, but lithospheric extension that permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths.[2][3] This hypothesis considers the term "hotspot" to be a misnomer, asserting that the mantle source beneath them is, in fact, not anomalously hot at all. Well known examples include Hawaii or Yellowstone.

Contents

[edit] Background

Schematic diagram showing the physical processes inside the Earth that lead to the generation of magma. Partial melting begins above the fusion point.

The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work of J. Tuzo Wilson, who postulated in 1963 that the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a hot region beneath the surface.[4] It was later postulated that hotspots are fed by narrow streams of hot mantle rising from the Earth's core-mantle boundary in a structure called a mantle plume.[5] Whether or not such mantle plumes exist is currently the subject of a major controversy in Earth science.[3][6] Estimates for the numbers of hotspots postulated to be fed by mantle plumes has ranged from about 20 to several thousands, over the years, with most geologists considering a few tens to exist. Hawaii, Réunion, Yellowstone, Galápagos, and Iceland are some of the most currently active volcanic regions to which the hypothesis is applied.

Most hotspot volcanoes are basaltic (e.g., Hawaii, Tahiti). As a result, they are less explosive than subduction zone volcanoes, in which water is trapped under the overriding plate. Where hotspots occur in continental regions, basaltic magma rises through the continental crust, which melts to form rhyolites. These rhyolites can form violent eruptions. For example, the Yellowstone Caldera was formed by some of the most powerful volcanic explosions in geologic history. However, when the rhyolite is completely erupted, it may be followed by eruptions of basaltic magma rising through the same lithospheric cracks. An example of this activity is the Ilgachuz Range in British Columbia, which was created by an early complex series of trachyte and rhyolite eruptions, and late extrusion of a sequence of basaltic lava flows.[7]

The hotspot hypothesis is now closely linked to the mantle plume hypothesis.

[edit] Comparison with island arc volcanoes

Hotspot volcanoes are considered to have a fundamentally different origin from island arc volcanoes. The latter form over subduction zones, at converging plate boundaries. When one oceanic plate meets another, the denser plate is forced downward into a deep ocean trench. This plate, as it is subducted, releases water into the base of the over-riding plate, and this water causes some rock to melt. It is this that fuels a chain of volcanoes, such as the Aleutian Islands, near Alaska.

[edit] Hotspot volcanic chains

Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Hawaii hotspot, creating a trail of underwater mountains that stretch across the Pacific

The joint mantle plume/hotspot hypothesis envisages the feeder structures to be fixed relative to one another, with the continents and seafloor drifting overhead. The hypothesis thus predicts that time-progressive chains of volcanoes are developed on the surface. Examples are Yellowstone, which lies at the end of a chain of extinct calderas, which become progressively older to the west. Another example is the Hawaiian archipelago, where islands become progressively older and more deeply eroded to the northwest.

Geologists have tried to use hotspot volcanic chains to track the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates. This effort has been vexed by the lack of very long chains, by the fact that many are not time-progressive (e.g. the Galápagos) and by the fact that hotspots do not appear to be fixed relative to one-another (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland.[8])

[edit] Postulated hotspot volcano chains

An example of mantle plume locations suggested by one recent group.[9] Figure from Foulger (2010).[3]

[edit] List of volcanic regions postulated to be hotspots

Distribution of selected hotspots. The numbers in the figure are related to the listed hotspots on the left.

[edit] Eurasian Plate

[edit] African Plate

[edit] Antarctic Plate

[edit] South American Plate

[edit] North American Plate

[edit] Indo-Australian Plate

[edit] Nazca Plate

[edit] Pacific Plate

Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Bowie hotspot, creating the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain in the Gulf of Alaska

[edit] Former hotspots

[edit] See also

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[edit] References

  1. ^ a b W. J. Morgan (5 March 1971). "Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle". Nature 230 (5288): 42–43. Bibcode 1971Natur.230...42M. doi:10.1038/230042a0. http://www.mantleplumes.org/Morgan1971.html. 
  2. ^ "Do plumes exist?". http://www.mantleplumes.org/. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  3. ^ a b c Foulger, G.R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0. http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161485.html. 
  4. ^ Wilson, J. Tuzo (1963). "A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands". Canadian Journal of Physics 41 (6): 863–870. Bibcode 1963CaJPh..41..863W. doi:10.1139/p63-094. http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Wilson1963.pdf. 
  5. ^ "Hotspots: Mantle thermal plumes". United States Geological Survey. 1999-05-05. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/hotspots.html. Retrieved 2008-05-15. 
  6. ^ Wright, Laura (2000-11). "Earth's interior: Raising hot spots". Geotimes. American Geological Institute. http://www.geotimes.org/nov00/hotspot.html. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 
  7. ^ Holbek, Peter (1983-11) (PDF). Report on Preliminary Geology and Geochemistry of the Ilga Claim Group. http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/DL/ArisReports/12214.PDF. Retrieved 2008-06-15. [dead link]
  8. ^ "What the hell is Hawaii?". http://www.mantleplumes.org/HawaiiBend.html. Retrieved 2011-01-07. 
  9. ^ Courtillot, V.; Davaillie, A.; Besse, J.; Stock, J. (2003). "Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth's mantle". Earth Sci. Planet. Lett. 205 (3–4): 295–308. Bibcode 2003E&PSL.205..295C. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01048-8. 
  10. ^ E. V. Verzhbitsky (2003). "Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges". Journal of Geodynamics 35 (3): 289. Bibcode 2003JGeo...35..289V. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(02)00068-6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9X-47MJ4CX-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aa2e7686477bc607611955f2aba48558. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi W. J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. "Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement". http://www.mantleplumes.org/P%5E4/P%5E4Chapters/MorganP4ElectronicSupp1.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-06. 
  12. ^ Nielsen, Søren B.; Stephenson, Randell; Thomsen, Erik (13 December 2007). "Letter:Dynamics of Mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra-plate deformations". Nature 450 (7172): 1071–1074. Bibcode 2007Natur.450.1071N. doi:10.1038/nature06379. PMID 18075591. 
  13. ^ O'Neill, C.; Müller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. (2003). "Revised Indian plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 215: 151–168. Bibcode 2003E&PSL.215..151O. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6. http://www.earthbyte.org/people/dietmar/Pdf/Muller-etal-hotspots-Geology1993.pdf. 
  14. ^ O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. (1992). "South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and space". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 113 (3): 343–364. Bibcode 1992E&PSL.113..343O. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L. 
  15. ^ Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard (20 November 2009). "Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics and mantle flow". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 188 (1–3): 26–56. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020. http://www.uusatrg.utah.edu/PAPERS/smith_jvgr2009complete.pdf. 
  16. ^ "Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes- Anahim volcanic belt". Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_anahim_e.php. Retrieved 2008-06-14. 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

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