Late Jurassic

System	Series	Stage	Age (Ma)
Cretaceous	Lower	Berriasian	younger
Jurassic	Upper	Tithonian	145.5–150.8
		Kimmeridgian	150.8–155.7
		Oxfordian	155.7–161.2
	Middle	Callovian	161.2–164.7
		Bathonian	164.7–167.7
		Bajocian	167.7–171.6
		Aalenian	171.6–175.6
	Lower	Toarcian	175.6–183.0
		Pliensbachian	183.0–189.6
		Sinemurian	189.6–196.5
		Hettangian	196.5–199.6
Triassic	Upper	Rhaetian	older
Subdivision of the Jurassic system according to the IUGS, as of July 2009.

The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.2 ± 4.0 to 145.5 ± 4.0 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata. In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, this name was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.

Subdivisions

The Late Jurassic is divided into three ages, which correspond with the three (faunal) stages of Upper Jurassic rock:

Tithonian	(150.8 ± 4.0 – 145.5 ± 4.0 Ma)
Kimmeridgian	(155.7 ± 4.0 – 150.8 ± 4.0 Ma)
Oxfordian	(161.2 ± 4.0 – 155.7 ± 4.0 Ma)

Paleogeography

During the Late Jurassic epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the spawning of the Atlantic Ocean. However, at this time, the Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow.

Life forms of the epoch

This epoch is well known for many famous types of dinosaurs, such as the sauropods, the theropods, the thyreophorans, and the ornithopods. Other animals, such as crocodiles and the first birds, appeared in the Jurassic. Listed here are only a few of the many Jurassic animals:

• Camarasaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America.
• Brachiosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America.
• Diplodocus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America.
• Europasaurus, a small herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from Europe.
• Supersaurus, possibly the largest North American sauropod of them all.
• Dicraeosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from Africa.
• Giraffatitan, another large sauropod from Africa (usually recognized as a species of Brachiosaurus).
• Allosaurus, the most common late Jurassic theropod of North America, also present in Europe.
• Epanterias, one of the largest Jurassic carnivores, from North America (possibly just Allosaurus).
• Torvosaurus, possibly the largest Jurassic carnivore of all, from North America and Europe.
• Ceratosaurus, a medium sized Jurassic carnivore of North America, Europe, and possibly Africa.
• Compsognathus, a small theropod from Europe.
• Yangchuanosaurus, a large theropod from Asia.
• Tuojiangosaurus, a thyreophoran from Asia.
• Stegosaurus, a thyreophoran from North America and Europe.
• Dryosaurus, a North American ornithopod.
• Camptosaurus, an ornithopod from North America and possibly Europe.
• Gargoyleosaurus, a thyreophoran from North America.
• Archaeopteryx, the first known bird, from Europe.
• Rhamphorhynchus a long-tailed pterosaur from Europe.
• Pterodactylus, a short-tailed pterosaur from Europe.
• Ophthalmosaurus, a very common sea-going ichthyosaur from what is now Europe and North America.
• Liopleurodon, a very large sea-going pliosaur from what is now Europe.
• Perisphinctes, an ammonite.

References

• Owen, Donald E. (March 1987). "Commentary: Usage of Stratigraphic Terminology in Papers, Illustrations, and Talks". Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57 (2): 363–372. http://www.agiweb.org/nacsn/JSP_commentary.htm. 
• Kazlev, M. Alan (2002-06-28). "Late Jurassic — The Malm Epoch: The Acme of the Dinosaurs". Palæos. http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Jurassic/LateJura.html. Retrieved 2007-04-11.