Deposition (phase transition)

This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions.

Deposition is a process in which gas transforms into solid (also known as desublimation). The reverse of deposition is sublimation.

One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid. This is how snow forms in clouds, as well as frost and hoar frost on the ground. Another example is when frost forms on a leaf which is also caused by deposition. For deposition to occur thermal energy must be removed from a gas. When the leaf becomes cold enough, water vapor in the air surrounding the leaf loses enough thermal energy to change into a solid. Deposition in water vapor occurs due to the pureness of the water vapor. The vapor has no foreign particles, and is therefore able to lose ridiculous amounts of energy before forming around something. When the leaf is introduced, the supercooled water vapor immediately begins to condensate, but by this point is already past the freezing point. This causes the water vapor to change directly into a solid.

Another example of physical deposition is the artificial process of physical vapor deposition, used to deposit thin films of various materials onto various surfaces.

Deposition releases energy and is an exothermic phase change.

Sublimation in manufacturing

Semiconductors can be manufactured through PVD (physical vapor deposition). Here, a substance is vaporized in a vacuum chamber and then condensed on a substrate such as silicon dioxide. This process which only requires physical phase changes, is distinguished from CVD (chemical vapor deposition) which requires a vapor precursor to react chemically and leave a solid substance on the substrate.

Abound Solar manufactures solar panels with a process that deposits semiconductor material through sublimation and deposition.

References

• Jacobson, Mark Z., Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2005, p. 525 ISBN 978-0-521-83970-9
• Moore, John W., et. al., Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science, Brooks Cole, 2009, p. 387 ISBN 978-0-495-39079-4
• Whitten, Kenneth W., et. al., Chemistry, Brooks-Cole, 9th ed., 2009, p. 7 ISBN 978-0-495-39163-0
• Glencoe Science "Focus on Physical Science"