Progressive Party (United States, 1924)
| Progressive Party | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1924 |
| Dissolved | 1946 |
| Succeeded by | Progressive Party |
| Ideology | Progressivism |
| Political position | Center-left |
| Politics of the United States Political parties Elections |
|
The Progressive Party of 1924 was a new party created as a vehicle for Robert M. La Follette, Sr. to run for president in the 1924 election. It did not run candidates for other offices, and it disappeared after the election except in Wisconsin. Its name resembles the 1912 Progressive Party, which LaFollette opposed and which was defunct by 1919. The 1924 party was composed of La Follette supporters, who were distinguished from the earlier Roosevelt supporters by being generally more agrarian, populist, and midwestern in perspective, as opposed to urban, elitist, and eastern. The 1924 party carried only Wisconsin, but carried many counties in the Midwest and West with large German American elements or strong labor union movements.[1]
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[edit] Wisconsin Progressives
Years before, La Follette had created the "Progressive" faction inside the Republican Party of Wisconsin in 1900. In 1912 he attempted to create a Progressive Party but lost control to Theodore Roosevelt, who became his bitter enemy.[2]
In 1924 his new party (using the old 1912 name) called for public ownership of railroads, which catered to the Railroad brotherhoods. La Follette ran with Senator Burton K. Wheeler, Democratic Senator from Montana. The party represented a farmer/labor coalition and was endorsed by the Socialist Party of America, the American Federation of Labor and many railroad brotherhoods. The party did not run candidate for other offices, and only carried one state, Wisconsin. La Follette continued to serve in the Senate as a Republican until his death the following year, and was succeeded in a special election in 1925 by his son, Robert M. La Follette, Jr.[3]
The La Follette family continued his political legacy in Wisconsin, publishing The Progressive and pushing for reform. In 1934, La Follette's two sons began the Wisconsin Progressive Party, which briefly held power in the state and was for some time one of the state's major parties, often ahead of the Democrats.[4]
[edit] California Progressives
Hiram W. Johnson, the Progressive Party vice presidential nominee in 1912, was reelected as Governor of California on the Progressive ticket in 1914. In 1916, he was elected as a Progressive to the U.S. Senate and continued his affiliation with the state party throughout his decades in the Senate, while simultaneously winning the Republican nomination. While Johnson was personally close to Theodore Roosevelt, he was much closer ideologically to Robert La Follette. Johnson sat out the general election in 1924 after unsuccessfully challenging President Coolidge for the Republican nomination. Johnson personally disliked La Follette but grudgingly admired his quixotic third-party bid and generally agreed with his 1924 platform.[5]
In 1934, when the La Follettes founded the Wisconsin Progressive Party, the California Progressive Party obtained a ballot line in California and ran seven candidates (all unsuccessful, although Raymond L. Haight got 13% of the vote for Governor of California, running as a moderate against socialist and Democratic nominee Upton Sinclair). In 1936 they elected Franck R. Havenner as Congressman for California's 4th congressional district, and garnered a significant portion of the votes in some other races.
Havenner became a Democrat before the 1938 race; Haight defeated eventual winner Culbert Olson in the Progressive primary election, but received only 2.43% of the vote in the general election as a Progressive; and by the time of the 1942 gubernatorial election, the Progressives were no longer on the California ballot. By 1944, Haight was again a Republican, a delegate to the Republican National Convention.[6]
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ See: K.C. MacKay, The Progressive Movement of 1924. New York: Columbia University Press, 1947.
- ^ Nancy Unger, Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer. Second edition. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2008; pp. 221-238.
- ^ Unger, Fighting Bob La Follette, pp. 281-303.
- ^ Herbert F. Margulies; The Decline of the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 1890-1920. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1968.
- ^ See: George E. Mowry, The California Progressives. (1963).
- ^ Kevin Starr, Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996; pg. 152-154.
[edit] Further reading
- Willlam B. Hesseltine, The Rise and Fall of Third Parties: From Anti-Masonry to Wallace. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1948.
- Philip LaFollette, Adventure in Politics: The Memoirs of Philip LaFollette. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
- K.C. MacKay, The Progressive Movement of 1924. New York: Columbia University Press, 1947.
- Herbert F. Margulies, The Decline of the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 1890-1920. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1968.
- Russel B. Nye, Midwestern Progressive Politics: A Historical Study of Its Origins and Development, 1870-1958. Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1951.
- Nancy C. Unger, Fighting Bob LaFollette: The Righteous Reformer. Chapel Hill: University Of North Carolina Press, 2000.
[edit] See also
- Progressive Party (United States, 1912)
- Progressive Party (United States, 1948)
- A.J. Barnes , California Progressive candidate
- Political parties established in 1924
- Defunct political parties in the United States
- Politics of California
- Politics of Wisconsin
- Wisconsin progressives
- American progressives
- Democratic socialist and social democratic parties and organizations in the United States
- Political parties disestablished in 1946
- 1924 establishments in the United States
