The Wolstonian Stage is a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of earth that precedes the Ipswichian Stage (Eemian Stage in Europe) and follows the Hoxnian Stage in the British Isles. The Wolstonian Stage apparently includes three periods of glaciation. The Wolstonian Stage is temporally analogous to the Warthe Stage and Saalian Stage in northern Europe and the Riss glaciation in the Alps, and temporally equivalent to all of the Illinoian Stage and the youngest part of the Pre-Illinoian Stage in North America. It is contemporaneous with the North American Pre-Illinoian A, Early Illinoian, and Late Illinoian glaciations.[1] The Wolstonian Stage is equivalent to Marine Isotope stages 6 through 10.[2][3] It started 352,000 years ago and ended 130,000 years ago.[4][5]
The Wolstonian Stage was named after the site of Wolston in the English county of Warwickshire where corresponding deposits were first identified. Acheulian flint tools have been found in Wolstonian deposits.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Richmond, G.M.; Fullerton, D.S. (1986). "Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". Quaternary Science Reviews 5: 183–196. Bibcode 1986QSRv....5..183R. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8.
- ^ McMillan, A.A. (2005). "A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphic framework Great Britain". Netherland Journal of Geosciences 84 (2): 87–107.
- ^ Gibbard, P.L.; Boreham, S.; Cohen, K.M.; Moscariello, A. (2007). "Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years" (JPG 844 kb). Cambridge UK: Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/POSTERSTRAT_v2007b_small.jpg.
- ^ Lisiecki, L.E., 2005, Ages of MIS boundaries. LR04 Benthic Stack Boston University, Boston, MA
- ^ Lisiecki, L.E.; Raymo, M.E. (2005). "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records" (PDF). Paleoceanography 20: PA1003. Bibcode 2005PalOc..20.1003L. doi:10.1029/2004PA001071. http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LisieckiRaymo2005.pdf.
[edit] External links
- Aber, J.S. (2006). "Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska". Emporia KA: Emporia State University. http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec17/lec17.htm.
- Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2007). "Global correlation tables for the Quaternary". Cambridge UK: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/chart.html.
- Gibbard, P., 2008a, Map 6. (Fluvial) Palaeogeography during the Saalian (Drenthe Substage) / Wolstonian glacial maximum. North West European Rivers, Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group, Cambridge, England. (Includes PDF file of map)
- Gibbard, P. (2008). "Map 7: Maximum extent of the glaciation during the Saalian / Drenthe / Dneipr Stage (late Middle Pleistocene)". Cambridge UK: North West European Rivers, Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group. http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/nweurorivers/saalianglaciation.html. (Includes PDF file of map)
- Gibbard, P. (2008). "Map 8: Latest Saalian to early Weichselian drainage during sea level lowstand". Cambridge UK: North West European Rivers, Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group. http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/nweurorivers/saalianglaciation.html. (Includes PDF file of map)
- Hallberg, G.R. (1980). "Illinoian and Pre-Illinoian stratigraphy of southeast Iowa and adjacent Illinois" (PDF 19.3 Mb). Technical information Series. no. 11. Ames IA: Iowa Geological Survey Bureau. http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/webapps/gsbpubs/pdf/TIS-11.pdf.
- Shotton, F.W., nd, East Anglia and the English Midlands.[dead link] Ice Age Britain.[dead link] The Shotton Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.
[edit] Further reading
- Bowen, D.Q. (1978). Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work. Oxford UK: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-020409-3.
- Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L., eds. (2004). Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51462-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=2xpIEPH7RW4C.
- Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Rose, J., eds. (1991). Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland. Rotterdam: Balkema. ISBN 978-90-6191-875-2.
- Mangerud, J.; Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L., eds. (2004). Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51462-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=mmPwAAAAMAAJ.
- Sibrava, V.; Bowen, D.Q; Richmond, G.M. (1986). "Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere". Quaternary Science Reviews 5: 1–514. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80002-6.
