"Red pine" redirects here. For the New Zealand tree sometimes called Red pine, see
Dacrydium cupressinum.
Pinus resinosa, commonly known as the red pine or Norway pine,[1][1] is pine native to North America. The Red Pine occurs from Newfoundland west to Manitoba, and south to Pennsylvania, with several smaller, disjunct populations occurring in the Appalachian Mountains in Virginia and West Virginia, as well as a few small pockets in extreme northern New Jersey and one in north central Illinois.
Red Pine is a coniferous evergreen tree characterized by tall, straight growth in a variety of habitats. It usually ranges from 20–35 m (65-115 ft) in height and 1 m (3 ft) in trunk diameter, exceptionally reaching 43 m (141 ft) tall[2][2]. The crown is conical, becoming a narrow rounded dome with age. The bark is thick and gray-brown at the base of the tree, but thin, flaky and bright orange-red in the upper crown; the tree's name derives from this distinctive character. Some red color may be seen in the fissures of the bark. Red Pine is self pruning; there tend not to be dead branches on the trees, and older trees may have very long lengths of branchless trunk below the canopy.
The leaves are needle-like, dark green, in fascicles of two, 12–18 cm (4.7-7 in) long, and brittle. The leaves snap cleanly when bent; this character, stated as diagnostic for Red Pine in some texts, is however shared by several other pine species. The cones are symmetrical ovoid, 4–6 cm (1.5-2.4 in) long, 2.5 cm (1 in) broad and purple before maturity, ripening nut-blue and opening to 4–5 cm (1.5-2 in) broad, the scales without a prickle and almost stakeless.
The species is notable for its very constant morphology and low genetic variation throughout its range, suggesting it has been through a near extinction in its recent evolutionary history[3][4]
This species is intolerant of shade, but does well in windy sites; it grows best in well-drained soil. It is a long-lived tree, reaching a maximum age of about 500 years. [5]The wood is commercially valuable in forestry for timber and paper pulp, and the tree is also used for landscaping.
The Red Pine is the state tree of Minnesota.[3]
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Pollen cones of Pinus resinosa in spring
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Old-growth red pine, Algoma Highlands, Ontario
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Tree roots anchor the structure and provide water and nutrients. The ground has eroded away around the roots of this young red pine tree. |
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[edit] References
- ^ a b Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Tufts, Craig; Mathews, Daniel; Nelson, Gil; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Purinton, Terry et al (May 9, 2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 978-1402738753.
- ^ a b Earle, Christopher J.. "Gymnosperm Database: Pinus resinosa (red pine)". http://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_resinosa.php. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ a b Fowler, D. P.; Morris, R. W. (1977). "Genetic diversity in Red Pine: evidence for low genic heterozygosity". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7 (2): 343–347. doi:10.1139/x77-043.
- ^ a b Simon, Jean-Pierre; Bergeron, Yves; Gagnon, Daniel (1986). "Isozyme uniformity in populations of Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) in the Abitibi Region, Quebec.". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 1133–1135. doi:10.1139/x86-198.
- ^ http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~adk/oldlisteast/#spp
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