Despite a relatively brief career (he first came to notice as a sideman at age 29 in 1955, formally launched a solo career at 33 in 1960, and was dead at 40 in 1967), saxophonist
John Coltrane was among the most important, and most controversial, figures in jazz. It seems amazing that his period of greatest activity was so short, not only because he recorded prolifically, but also because, taking advantage of his fame, the record companies that recorded him as a sideman in the 1950s frequently reissued those recordings under his name and there has been a wealth of posthumously released material as well. Since
Coltrane was a protean player who changed his style radically over the course of his career, this has made for much confusion in his discography and in appreciations of his playing. There remains a critical divide between the adherents of his earlier, more conventional (if still highly imaginative) work and his later, more experimental work. No one, however, questions
Coltrane's almost religious commitment to jazz or doubts his significance in the history of the music.
Coltrane was the son of John R. Coltrane, a tailor and amateur musician, and Alice (Blair) Coltrane. Two months after his birth, his maternal grandfather, the Reverend William Blair, was promoted to presiding elder in the A.M.E. Zion Church and moved his family, including his infant grandson, to High Point, NC, where
Coltrane grew up. Shortly after he graduated from grammar school in 1939, his father, his grandparents, and his uncle died, leaving him to be raised in a family consisting of his mother, his aunt, and his cousin. His mother worked as a domestic to support the family. The same year, he joined a community band in which he played clarinet and E flat alto horn; he took up the alto saxophone in his high school band. During World War II, his mother, aunt, and cousin moved north to New Jersey to seek work, leaving him with family friends; in 1943, when he graduated from high school, he too headed north, settling in Philadelphia. Eventually, the family was reunited there.
While taking jobs outside music,
Coltrane briefly attended the Ornstein School of Music and studied at Granoff Studios. He also began playing in local clubs. In 1945, he was drafted into the navy and stationed in Hawaii. He never saw combat, but he continued to play music and, in fact, made his first recording with a quartet of other sailors on July 13, 1946. A performance of
Tadd Dameron's "Hot House," it was released in 1993 on the Rhino Records anthology
The Last Giant.
Coltrane was discharged in the summer of 1946 and returned to Philadelphia. That fall, he began playing in the Joe Webb Band. In early 1947, he switched to
the King Kolax Band. During the year, he switched from alto to tenor saxophone. One account claims that this was as the result of encountering alto saxophonist
Charlie Parker and feeling the better-known musician had exhausted the possibilities on the instrument; another says that the switch occurred simply because
Coltrane next joined a band led by
Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, who was an alto player, forcing
Coltrane to play tenor. He moved on to
Jimmy Heath's band in mid-1948, staying with the band, which evolved into the Howard McGhee All Stars until early 1949, when he returned to Philadelphia. That fall, he joined a big band led by
Dizzy Gillespie, remaining until the spring of 1951, by which time the band had been trimmed to a septet. On March 1, 1951, he took his first solo on record during a performance of "We Love to Boogie" with
Gillespie.
At some point during this period,
Coltrane became a heroin addict, which made him more difficult to employ. He played with various bands, mostly around Philadelphia, during the early '50s, his next important job coming in the spring of 1954, when
Johnny Hodges, temporarily out of the
Duke Ellington band, hired him. But he was fired because of his addiction in September 1954. He returned to Philadelphia, where he was playing, when he was hired by
Miles Davis a year later. His association with
Davis was the big break that finally established him as an important jazz musician.
Davis, a former drug addict himself, had kicked his habit and gained recognition at the Newport Jazz Festival in July 1955, resulting in a contract with Columbia Records and the opportunity to organize a permanent band, which, in addition to him and
Coltrane, consisted of pianist
Red Garland, bassist
Paul Chambers, and drummer
"Philly" Joe Jones. This unit immediately began to record extensively, not only because of the Columbia contract, but also because
Davis had signed with the major label before fulfilling a deal with jazz independent Prestige Records that still had five albums to run. The trumpeter's Columbia debut,
'Round About Midnight, which he immediately commenced recording, did not appear until March 1957. The first fruits of his association with
Coltrane came in April 1956 with the release of
The New Miles Davis Quintet (aka
Miles), recorded for Prestige on November 16, 1955. During 1956, in addition to his recordings for Columbia,
Davis held two marathon sessions for Prestige to fulfill his obligation to the label, which released the material over a period of time under the titles
Cookin' (1957),
Relaxin' (1957),
Workin' (1958), and
Steamin' (1961).
Coltrane's association with
Davis inaugurated a period when he began to frequently record as a sideman.
Davis may have been trying to end his association Prestige, but
Coltrane began appearing on many of the label's sessions. After he became better known in the 1960s, Prestige and other labels began to repackage this work under his name, as if he had been the leader, a process that has continued to the present day. (Prestige was acquired by Fantasy Records in 1972, and many of the recordings in which
Coltrane participated have been reissued on Fantasy's Original Jazz Classics [OJC] imprint.)
Coltrane tried and failed to kick heroin in the summer of 1956, and in October,
Davis fired him, though the trumpeter had relented and taken him back by the end of November. Early in 1957,
Coltrane formally signed with Prestige as a solo artist, though he remained in the
Davis band and also continued to record as a sideman for other labels. In April,
Davis fired him again. This may have given him the impetus finally to kick his drug habit, and freed of the necessity of playing gigs with
Davis, he began to record even more frequently. On May 31, 1957, he finally made his recording debut as a leader, putting together a pickup band consisting of trumpeter
Johnny Splawn, baritone saxophonist
Sahib Shihab, pianists
Mal Waldron and
Red Garland (on different tracks), bassist
Paul Chambers, and drummer
Al "Tootie" Heath. They cut an album Prestige titled simply
Coltrane upon release in September 1957. (It has since been reissued under the title
First Trane.)
In June 1957,
Coltrane joined
the Thelonious Monk Quartet, consisting of
Monk on piano,
Wilbur Ware on bass, and
Shadow Wilson on drums. During this period, he developed a technique of playing several notes at once, and his solos began to go on longer. In August, he recorded material belatedly released on the Prestige albums
Lush Life (1960) and
The Last Trane (1965), as well as the material for
John Coltrane With the Red Garland Trio, released later in the year. (It was later reissued under the title
Traneing In.) But
Coltrane's second album to be recorded and released contemporaneously under his name alone was cut in September for Blue Note Records. This was
Blue Train, featuring trumpeter
Lee Morgan, trombonist
Curtis Fuller, pianist
Kenny Drew, and the
Miles Davis rhythm section of
Chambers and
"Philly" Joe Jones; it was released in December 1957. That month,
Coltrane rejoined
Davis, playing in what was now a sextet that also featured
Cannonball Adderley. In January 1958, he led a recording session for Prestige that produced tracks later released on
Lush Life,
The Last Trane, and
The Believer (1964). In February and March, he recorded
Davis' album
Milestones..., released later in 1958. In between the sessions, he cut his third album to be released under his name alone,
Soultrane, issued in September by Prestige. Also in March 1958, he cut tracks as a leader that would be released later on the Prestige collection
Settin' the Pace (1961). In May, he again recorded for Prestige as a leader, though the results would not be heard until the release of
Black Pearls in 1964.
Coltrane appeared as part of the
Miles Davis group at the Newport Jazz Festival in July 1958. The band's set was recorded and released in 1964 on an LP also featuring a performance by
Thelonious Monk as
Miles & Monk at Newport. In 1988, Columbia reissued the material on an album called
Miles & Coltrane. The performance inspired a review in Down Beat, the leading jazz magazine, that was an early indication of the differing opinions on
Coltrane that would be expressed throughout the rest of his career and long after his death. The review referred to his "angry tenor," which, it said, hampered the solidarity of the
Davis band. The review led directly to an article published in the magazine on October 16, 1958, in which critic
Ira Gitler defended the saxophonist and coined the much-repeated phrase "sheets of sound" to describe his playing.
Coltrane's next Prestige session as a leader occurred later in July 1958 and resulted in tracks later released on the albums
Standard Coltrane (1962),
Stardust (1963), and
Bahia (1965). All of these tracks were later compiled on a reissue called
The Stardust Session. He did a final session for Prestige in December 1958, recording tracks later released on
The Believer,
Stardust, and
Bahia. This completed his commitment to the label, and he signed to Atlantic Records, doing his first recording for his new employers on January 15, 1959, with a session on which he was co-billed with vibes player
Milt Jackson, though it did not appear until 1961 with the LP
Bags and Trane. In March and April 1959,
Coltrane participated with the
Davis group on the album
Kind of Blue. Released on August 17, 1959, this landmark album known for its "modal" playing (improvisations based on scales or "modes," rather than chords) became one of the best-selling and most-acclaimed recordings in the history of jazz.
By the end of 1959,
Coltrane had recorded what would be his Atlantic Records debut,
Giant Steps, released in early 1960. The album, consisting entirely of
Coltrane compositions, in a sense marked his real debut as a leading jazz performer, even though the 33-year-old musician had released three previous solo albums and made numerous other recordings. His next Atlantic album,
Coltrane Jazz, was mostly recorded in November and December 1959 and released in February 1961. In April 1960, he finally left the
Davis band and formally launched his solo career, beginning an engagement at the Jazz Gallery in New York, accompanied by pianist
Steve Kuhn (soon replaced by
McCoy Tyner), bassist
Steve Davis, and drummer
Pete La Roca (later replaced by
Billy Higgins and then
Elvin Jones). During this period, he increasingly played soprano saxophone as well as tenor.
In October 1960,
Coltrane recorded a series of sessions for Atlantic that would produce material for several albums, including a final track used on
Coltrane Jazz and tunes used on
My Favorite Things (March 1961),
Coltrane Plays the Blues (July 1962), and
Coltrane's Sound (June 1964). His soprano version of "My Favorite Things," from the
Richard Rodgers/
Oscar Hammerstein II musical The Sound of Music, would become a signature song for him. During the winter of 1960-1961, bassist
Reggie Workman replaced
Steve Davis in his band and saxophone and flute player
Eric Dolphy, gradually became a member of the group.
In the wake of the commercial success of "My Favorite Things,"
Coltrane's star rose, and he was signed away from Atlantic as the flagship artist of the newly formed Impulse! Records label, an imprint of ABC-Paramount, though in May he cut a final album for Atlantic,
Olé (February 1962). The following month, he completed his Impulse! debut,
Africa/Brass. By this time, his playing was frequently in a style alternately dubbed "avant-garde," "free," or "The New Thing." Like
Ornette Coleman, he played seemingly formless, extended solos that some listeners found tremendously impressive, and others decried as noise. In November 1961, John Tynan, writing in Down Beat, referred to
Coltrane's playing as "anti-jazz." That month, however,
Coltrane recorded one of his most celebrated albums,
Live at the Village Vanguard, an LP paced by the 16-minute improvisation "Chasin' the Trane."
Between April and June 1962,
Coltrane cut his next Impulse! studio album, another release called simply
Coltrane when it appeared later in the year. Working with producer
Bob Thiele, he began to do extensive studio sessions, far more than Impulse! could profitably release at the time, especially with Prestige and Atlantic still putting out their own archival albums. But the material would serve the label well after the saxophonist's untimely death.
Thiele acknowledged that
Coltrane's next three Impulse! albums to be released,
Ballads,
Duke Ellington and John Coltrane, and
John Coltrane with Johnny Hartman (all 1963), were recorded at his behest to quiet the critics of
Coltrane's more extreme playing.
Impressions (1963), drawn from live and studio recordings made in 1962 and 1963, was a more representative effort, as was 1964's
Live at Birdland, also a combination of live and studio tracks, despite its title. But
Crescent, also released in 1964, seemed to find a middle ground between traditional and free playing, and was welcomed by critics. This trend was continued with 1965's
A Love Supreme, one of
Coltrane's best-loved albums, which earned him two Grammy nominations, for jazz composition and performance, and became his biggest-selling record. Also during the year, Impulse! released the standards collection
The John Coltrane Quartet Plays... and another album of "free" playing,
Ascension, as well as
New Thing at Newport, a live album consisting of one side by
Coltrane and the other by
Archie Shepp.
1966 saw the release of the albums
Kulu Se Mama and
Meditations,
Coltrane's last recordings to appear during his lifetime, though he had finished and approved release for his next album,
Expression, the Friday before his death in July 1967. He died suddenly of liver cancer, entering the hospital on a Sunday and expiring in the early morning hours of the next day. He had left behind a considerable body of unreleased work that came out in subsequent years, including
"Live" at the Village Vanguard Again! (1967),
Om (1967),
Cosmic Music (1968),
Selflessness (1969),
Transition (1969),
Sun Ship (1971),
Africa/Brass, Vol. 2 (1974),
Interstellar Space (1974), and
First Meditations (For Quartet) (1977), all on Impulse! Compilations and releases of archival live recordings brought him a series of Grammy nominations, including Best Jazz Performance for the Atlantic album
The Coltrane Legacy in 1970; Best Jazz Performance, Group, and Best Jazz Performance, Soloist, for "Giant Steps" from the Atlantic album
Alternate Takes in 1974; and Best Jazz Performance, Group, and Best Jazz Performance, Soloist, for
Afro Blue Impressions in 1977. He won the 1981 Grammy for Best Jazz Performance, Soloist, for
Bye Bye Blackbird, an album of recordings made live in Europe in 1962, and he was given the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992, 25 years after his death.
John Coltrane is sometimes described as one of jazz's most influential musicians, but one is hard put to find followers who actually play in his style. Rather, he is influential by example, inspiring musicians to experiment, take chances, and devote themselves to their craft. The controversy about his work has never died down, but partially as a result, his name lives on and his recordings continue to remain available and to be reissued frequently.