List of Pacific hurricanes
This is a list of notable Pacific hurricanes, subdivided by reason for notability. Notability means that it has met some criterion or achieved some statistic, or is part of a top ten for some superlative. It includes lists and rankings of Pacific hurricanes by different characteristics and impacts.
Characteristics include extremes of location, such as the northernmost or most equator-ward formation or position of a tropical cyclone. Other characteristics include its central pressure, windspeed, Category on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, cyclogenesis outside of a normal hurricane season's timeframe, or storms that remain unnamed despite forming after tropical cyclone naming began in 1960. Another characteristic is how long a system went from formation to dissipation. Impacts are what the cyclone did. These include the cost of damage, the number of casualties, as well as meteorological statistics such as rainfall point maxima.
[edit] Impact
[edit] Retired names
|
Additionally, Adolph and Israel were removed from the list of names during and after the 2001 season due to political sensitivities. Knut was removed from the list in 1988 for unknown reasons. Adele, Iva, and Fefa were also removed in 1970, 1988, and 1991 respectively for unknown reasons. Hazel was replaced in 1965.[1]
[edit] Unnamed but historically significant
Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale | ||||||
TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
Name | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|
San Diego hurricane | 1858 | Strongest tropical cyclone to affect California[2] |
California tropical storm | 1939 | Only known modern landfall in California[3] |
Mazatlán hurricane | 1943 | 100 deaths |
Texas hurricane | 1949 | Most intense Pacific-Atlantic crossover[4] |
Mexico hurricane | 1959 | Most intense landfall[5] |
[edit] Storms causing 100 or more deaths
The following tropical cyclones killed 100 or more people.
Deaths | Name | Year |
---|---|---|
1500–2000+ | 1959 Mexico Hurricane | 1959[6][7][8] |
1696 | Hurricane Paul | 1982[9][10][11][12][13] |
600–950+ | Hurricane Liza | 1976[7][14][15] |
500 | Hurricane Tara | 1961[16] |
230–400 | Hurricane Pauline | 1997[17] |
320 | Tropical Storm Agatha | 2010[18] |
135 | Hurricane Tico | 1983[19] |
105 | Hurricane Ismael | 1995[20] |
102 | Tropical Depression Eleven-E | 2010 |
100+ | 1931 hurricane | 1931[21] |
100 | 1943 Mazatlán hurricane | 1943[22] |
[edit] Known storms causing more than $100 million (2009 USD) in damage
All of these storms caused at least 100 million USD (adjusted to 2009) in damage. Iniki and Iwa are central Pacific systems; the remainder are from eastern Pacific proper.
Cost millions |
Name | Year | Location | |
---|---|---|---|---|
$3760 | Hurricane Paul | 1982 | Mexico, Central America | |
$2840 | Hurricane Iniki | 1992 | Hawaii | [23] |
$2750 | Tropical Storm Beatriz | 1993 | Mexico | |
$1123 | Hurricane Norman | 1978 | California | |
$1170 | Tropical Storm Agatha | 2010 | Central America | |
$1100 | Tropical Storm Aletta | 1982 | Central America | |
$739 | Hurricane Olivia | 1982 | California | |
$716 | Hurricane Norbert | 2008 | Mexico | [24][25][26] |
$661 | Hurricane Pauline | 1997 | Mexico | |
$580 | Hurricane Kathleen | 1976 | Mexico, California, Arizona | [27] |
$536 | Hurricane Iwa | 1982 | Hawaii | [28] |
$514 | Tropical Depression Eleven-E | 2010 | Guatemala, Costa Rica | [27] |
$325 | Hurricane Tico | 1983 | Mexico, Oklahoma | [27] |
$203 | Hurricane Pauline | 1997 | Mexico | |
$202 | Hurricane Jova | 2011 | Mexico | |
$201 | Hurricane Bridget | 1971 | Mexico | [29] |
$193 | Tropical Storm Lidia | 1981 | Mexico | |
$180 | Hurricane Norma | 1981 | Mexico, California | |
$125 | Hurricane Nora | 1997 | Mexico, California, Arizona | [30] |
$116 | Hurricane Kenna | 2002 | Mexico | [31] |
$113 | Hurricane Lane | 2006 | Mexico | [32] |
|
[edit] Seasonal activity and records
In the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's (CPHC) area of responsibility (AOR), the seasons with the most tropical cyclones are 1992 and 1994, each with 11 cyclones. A season without cyclones has happened a few times since 1966, most recently in 1979.[34]
[edit] Highest
Year | NHC's AOR | CPHC's AOR | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tropical storms |
Hurricanes | Tropical storms |
Hurricanes | ||||
Minor | Major | Minor | Major | ||||
1992 season | 10 | 16 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 28 |
1985 season | 10 | 13 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 |
1982 season | 8 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 23 |
1983 season | 9 | 12 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
1984 season | 8 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 21 |
1990 season | 4 | 16 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
[edit] Lowest
Before 1971 and especially 1966, data in this basin is extremely unreliable. The geostationary satellite era began in 1966,[35] and that year is often considered the first year of reliable tropical records.[36] Intensity estimates are most reliable starting in the 1971 season. A few years later, the Dvorak technique came into use. Those two factors make intensity estimates more reliable starting in that year.[36] For these reasons, seasons prior to 1971 are not included.
Year | NHC's AOR | CPH's AOR | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tropical storms |
Hurricanes | Tropical storms |
Hurricanes | ||||
Minor | Major | Minor | Major | ||||
2010 season | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
1977 season | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
1996 season | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
1999 season | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
1995 season | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
1979 season | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
[edit] Naming history
Naming of tropical cyclones in the eastern north Pacific began in the 1960 season. That year, four lists of names were created. The plan was to proceed in a manner similar to that of the western Pacific; that is, the name of the first storm in one season would be the next unused one from the same list, and when the bottom of one list was reached the next list was started. This scheme was abandoned in 1965 and next year, the lists started being recycled on a four-year rotation, starting with the A name each year.[37] That same general scheme remains in use today, although the names and lists are different. On average, the eastern north Pacific sees about sixteen named storms per year.[38]
[edit] Named storms per month
Before 1971 and especially 1966, data in this basin is extremely unreliable. The geostationary satellite era began in 1966,[35] and that year is often considered the first year of reliable tropical records.[36] Intensity estimates are more reliable starting in the 1971 season. A few years later, the Dvorak technique came into use. Those two make intensity estimates more reliable starting in that year.[36] For these reasons, seasons before 1971 are not included in the lowest column.
Month | Most named | Least named | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Season | Number | Season | |
Pre-season | 2 | 1992 | 0 | Many† |
Late May | 2 | 1956 1984 2007 2012 |
0 | Many† |
June | 5 | 1985 | 0 | 2004 2006 2007 |
July | 7 | 1985 | 0 | 1966 2010 |
August | 9 | 1968 2009 |
0 | 1996 |
September | 6 | 1966 2005 |
1 | Many† |
October | 5 | 1992 | 0 | Many† |
November | 2 | 2006 | 0 | Many† |
Post-season | 1 | 1832 1902 1904 1925 1936 1983 1997 2010 |
0 | Many† |
† Shared by more than three seasons. Source:[39]
[edit] Off-season storms
Hurricane season runs from May 15 to November 30.[40] Only systems that developed during the off-season in this basin are included.
- Unnamed - formed December, 1832.[41]
- Unnamed - formed circa December 23, 1902[42]
- Unnamed - formed circa December 23, 1904[42]
- Unnamed - formed circa May 3, 1906[42]
- Unnamed - formed between circa February 6 to circa February 18, 1922[43]
- Unnamed - formed circa December 22, 1925[44]
- Unnamed - formed December 4, 1936[45]
- Carmen - formed April 4, 1980[46]
- Winnie - formed December 4, 1983 [39]
- Winona - formed January 9, 1989[47]
- Alma - formed May 12, 1990[39]
- Hurricane Ekeka - formed January 26, 1992[23]
- Tropical Storm Hali - formed March 28, 1992[23]
- One-E - formed May 13, 1996.[39]
- Tropical Storm Paka - formed December 2, 1997.[48]
- Tropical Storm Omeka - formed December 20, 2010.[49]
- Tropical Storm Aletta - formed May 14, 2012.[50]
[edit] Unnamed storms
Tropical cyclones have received official names in the east-central Pacific region since 1960. Since this time, 6 systems that have formed in this area have not received a name, plus another possible unnamed subtropical or tropical system in 2006.
- Tropical Storm 4 – 1962
- Tropical Storm 8 – 1962
- Tropical Storm 4 – 1963
- Hurricane 12 – 1975
- Tropical Storm 1 – 1996
- Subtropical Storm 18 – 2006†
† Unofficially was a tropical or subtropical cyclone.
[edit] Strength
[edit] Category 5
|
Since 1959, only 14 Pacific hurricanes are known to have reached Category 5 and only one made landfall while at this intensity.[39]
[edit] Category 4
Since 1900, 95 Pacific hurricanes have attained Category 4 intensity, of which four made landfall at that strength.[39]
[edit] Duration records
This lists all Pacific hurricanes that existed as tropical cyclones while in the Pacific Ocean east of the dateline for more than two weeks continuously. Hurricanes John and Dora spent some time in the west Pacific before dissipating. John spent eleven days west of the dateline; if that time was included John would have existed for a total of 30 days and 18 hours, a world record, while including Dora's time in the west Pacific would mean that it existed for 18 days.[39] One Atlantic hurricane, Hurricane Joan, crossed into this basin and was renamed Miriam,[51] giving it a total lifespan of 22 days,[52] but not all of that was in the Pacific. 1993's Greg formed from the remnants of 1993's Tropical Storm Bret.[51] Its time as an Atlantic system is excluded.
All of these systems except Trudy, Olaf, and Connie existed in both the east and central Pacific, and all except Olaf were hurricanes. Hurricane Trudy of 1990 is thus the longest lived eastern Pacific hurricane to stay in the eastern Pacific. Tropical Storm Olaf of 1997 is hence the longest-lived eastern Pacific tropical cyclone not to reach hurricane intensity.[39]
No known tropical cyclone forming in the central north Pacific lasted for longer than 14 days without crossing into another basin.[39] The tropical cyclone forming in the central Pacific that spent the most time there was 1988's Hurricane Uleki at 11.5 days from formation to crossing the dateline.[53]
Duration (days) | Name | Season |
---|---|---|
24.50 | Tina | 1992 |
20.00 | Fico | 1978 |
19.00 | John | 1994 |
17.50 | Kevin | 1991 |
16.75 | Trudy | 1990 |
16.50 | Guillermo | 1997 |
16.50 | Olaf | 1997 |
16.25 | Kenneth | 2005 |
16.25 | Celeste | 1972 |
16.25 | Doreen | 1973 |
16.00 | Daniel | 1982 |
15.25 | Connie | 1974 |
14.50 | Kay | 1980 |
14.00 | Marie | 1990 |
14.00 | Greg | 1993 |
14.00 | Dora | 1999 |
|
Before the weather satellite era began, the lifespans of many Pacific hurricanes may be underestimated.[36]
[edit] Crossover storms from Eastern Pacific to Atlantic
This includes only systems which stayed a tropical cyclone during the passage or that maintained a circulation during the crossover.
Season | Storm (Pacific) | Storm (Atlantic) |
---|---|---|
1842 | Unnamed | Unnamed[54] |
1902 | Unnamed tropical depression | Unnamed[55] |
1923 | Unnamed | Unnamed[56] |
1949 | Unnamed | Unnamed[51] |
1961 | Simone | Inga (see below)[57] |
1965 | Unnamed tropical depression | Unnamed[58] |
1989 | Cosme | Allison[51] |
In addition to those, there are apparently two additional ones. One existed before 1856 and made it to the Gulf of Mexico.[59] Another Pacific tropical cyclone crossed over central Mexico and also made it to the Gulf sometime after September 9, 1924.[59]
With reanalysis, doubt has arisen over whether Tropical Storm Simone, the renamed Hurricane Hattie, recrossed the North American continent and actually became Tropical Storm Inga.[57]
It used to be that when a Pacific named storm crossed North America and made it to the Atlantic (or vice versa), it would receive the next name on the respective basin's list. This policy has since been changed to a tropical cyclone keeping its name if it remains a tropical cyclone during the entire passage. Only if it dissipates and then re-forms does it get renamed.[60]
[edit] Crossover storms from Eastern Pacific to Western Pacific
Neither eastern Pacific tropical cyclones passing 140°W, nor central Pacific tropical cyclones crossing the Dateline are notable events, However, very few eastern Pacific proper cyclones that enter the central Pacific make it to the dateline.
Name | Season |
---|---|
Georgette† | 1986[61] |
Enrique† | 1991[62] |
Li‡ | 1994[63] |
John | 1994[64] |
Dora | 1999[65] |
Jimena | 2003[66] |
† System ceased to be a tropical cyclone before crossing the dateline and subsequently reforming.
‡ Hurricane/Typhoon Li formed in the eastern Pacific, right at the boundary with the central, but was not named until it crossed into the central Pacific.
[edit] Intensity records
[edit] Ten most intense
The apparent increase in recent seasons is spurious; it is due to better estimation and measurement, not an increase in intense storms. That is, until 1988, Pacific hurricanes generally did not have their central pressures measured or estimated from satellite imagery.
Rank | Hurricane | Year | Pressure |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Linda | 1997 | 902 mbar* |
2 | Rick | 2009 | 906 mbar* |
3 | Kenna | 2002 | 913 mbar‡ |
4 | Ava | 1973 | 915 mbar† |
Ioke | 2006 | 915 mbar* | |
6 | Guillermo | 1997 | 919 mbar* |
7 | Gilma | 1994 | 920 mbar* |
8 | Elida | 2002 | 921 mbar* |
Hernan | 2002 | 921 mbar* | |
Celia | 2010 | 921 mbar* | |
Source:[39] |
* Estimated from satellite imagery
‡ Measured and adjusted
† Measured
~ Pressure while East of the International Dateline
[edit] Strongest landfalls
Hurricane | Season | Landfall winds | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Unnamed | 1959 | 160 mph (260 km/h) | [67] |
Kenna | 2002 | 150 mph (240 km/h) | [68] |
Iniki | 1992 | 145 mph (235 km/h) | [23] |
Liza | 1976 | 145 mph (235 km/h) | [14] |
Madeline | 1976 | 145 mph (235 km/h) | [14] |
Lane | 2006 | 125 mph (200 km/h) | [69] |
Olivia | 1967 | 125 mph (200 km/h) | [67] |
Tico | 1983 | 125 mph (200 km/h) | [70] |
Kiko | 1989 | 120 mph (190 km/h) | [71] |
Olivia | 1975 | 115 mph (185 km/h) | [72] |
[edit] Strongest storm in each month
Month | Name | Year | Minimum pressure |
---|---|---|---|
January | Ekeka | 1992 | unknown‡ mb (hPa) |
February | Unnamed | 1922 | unknown mb (hPa)[43] |
March | Hali† | 1992 | unknown mb (hPa) |
April | Carmen†* | 1980 | unknown‡ mb (hPa[46] |
May | Adolph | 2001 | 940 mb (hPa) |
June | Ava | 1973 | 915 mb (hPa) |
July | Gilma | 1994 | 919 mb (hPa) |
August | Ioke | 2006 | 915 mb (hPa) |
September | Linda | 1997 | 902 mb (hPa) |
October | Rick | 2009 | 906 mb (hPa) |
November | Kenneth | 2011 | 943 mb (hPa) |
December | Omeka | 2010 | 997 mb (hPa) |
|
† This tropical cyclone is the strongest to form in its month by virtue of its being the only known system.
[edit] Unusual landfall locations
[edit] California
- After October or before June, 1854- A system considered a tropical cyclone makes landfall just north of the Golden Gate.[54]
- Late September, early October 1858- A hurricane makes a direct hit on Southern California before dissipating. San Diego experienced hurricane force winds with torrential rainfall recorded all across Southern California.
- After October or before June, 1859- A system considered a tropical cyclone makes landfall between Cape Mendocino and San Francisco Bay.[54]
- September 25, 1939- The 1939 California tropical storm makes landfall in California, killing 45[73] to 93.[74]
- September 6, 1972- Tropical Depression Hyacinth makes landfall.[75]
- September 6, 1978- Tropical Depression Norman makes landfall.[76]
[edit] Hawaii
- August 7, 1958- A tropical storm makes landfall on the Big Island of Hawaii.[77]
- August 7, 1959- Hurricane Dot makes landfall on Kauai.[78]
- October 20, 1983- Tropical Depression Raymond makes landfall on Molokai, Oahu, and Kauai.[79]
- August 3, 1988- Tropical Depression Gilma makes landfall on Maui and Molokai.[80]
- September 11, 1992- Hurricane Iniki makes landfall on Kauai, killing six throughout the islands.[23]
- September 14, 1992- Tropical Depression Orlene makes landfall on the Big Island.[23]
- July 24, 1993- Tropical Depression Eugene makes landfall on the Big Island of Hawaii.[81]
[edit] Wettest tropical cyclones
All of these values are point maxima.
[edit] Mexico
Wettest Pacific tropical cyclones in Mexico Highest known recorded totals |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref | ||
Rank | mm | Inches | |||
1 | 1011 | 39.80 | Juliette 2001 | Cuadano/Santiago | [82] |
2 | 686.0 | 27.01 | Pauline 1997 | San Luis Acatlan | [83] |
3 | 628.1 | 24.73 | Odile 1984 | Costa Azul/Acapulco | [84] |
4 | 610.1 | 24.02 | Isis 1998 | Caduano/Santiago | [85] |
5 | 570.0 | 22.44 | Flossie 2001 | Suchixtlahuaca | [86] |
6 | 566.9 | 22.32 | Greg 1999 | Tecoman | [87] |
7 | 531.9 | 20.94 | Nora 1997 | La Cruz/Elota | [88] |
8 | 525.3 | 20.68 | Eugene 1987 | Aquila | [89] |
9 | 523.0 | 20.59 | Lidia 1981 | El Varonjal/Badiraguato | [90] |
10 | 500.1 | 19.69 | Ignacio 2003 | Yeneca/Los Cabos | [91] |
[edit] Hawaii
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Hawaii Highest known recorded totals |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref | ||
Rank | mm | Inches | |||
1 | 1321 | 52.00 | Hiki 1950 | Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station | [42] |
2 | 985 | 38.76 | Paul 2000 | Kapapala Ranch 36 | [92] |
3 | 635 | 25.00 | Maggie 1970 | [93] | |
4 | 519 | 20.42 | Nina 1957 | Wainiha | [94] |
5 | 516 | 20.33 | Iwa 1982 | Intake Wainiha 1086 | [95] |
6 | 476 | 18.75 | Fabio 1988 | Papaikou Mauka 140.1 | [95] |
7 | 381 | 15.00 | TD 01C, 1994 | Waiakea Uka, Piihonua | [63] |
8 | 372 | 14.63 | Felicia 2009 | Oahu Forecast National Wildlife Refuge | [96] |
9 | 323 | 12.70 | Makawao 1906 | Makawao, Maui | [42] |
10 | 305 | 12.00 | Diana 1972 | [97] | |
10 | 305 | 12.00 | "B" 1967 | [98] | |
10 | 305 | 12.00 | Kenneth 2005 | [99] |
[edit] Continental United States
Wettest tropical cyclones on the Continental United States Highest known recorded totals |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref | ||
Rank | mm | Inches | |||
1 | 21.0 | 533.7 | Norma 1981 | Breckenridge, Texas[100] | |
2 | 17.0 | 430.5 | Tico 1983 | Chickasha, Oklahoma[101] | |
3 | 14.8 | 374.9 | Kathleen 1976 | San Gorgonio, California[102] | |
4 | 13.80 | 350.5 | Roslyn 1986 | Matagorda Texas #2[103] | |
5 | 12.01 | 305.1 | Nora 1997 | Harquahala Mountains[88] | |
6 | 12.00 | 304.8 | Octave 1983 | Mount Graham[104] | |
7 | 11.92 | 302.8 | Norma 1970 | Workman Creek[105] | |
8 | 11.60 | 294.6 | Unnamed 1939 | Mount Wilson[74] | |
9 | 11.35 | 288.3 | Paine 1986 | Fort Scott, Kansas[106] | |
10 | 8.53 | 216.7 | Ismael 1995 | Hobbs, New Mexico[107] |
[edit] Overall
Wettest tropical cyclone within the Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone basin Highest known recorded totals |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref | ||
Rank | mm | Inches | |||
1 | 52.00 | 1321 | Hiki 1950 | Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station, Hawaii | [42] |
2 | 39.80 | 1011 | Juliette 2001 | Cuadano/Santiago, Mexico | [82] |
3 | 38.76 | 984.5 | Paul 2000 | Kapapala Ranch, Hawaii | [92] |
4 | 27.01 | 686.0 | Pauline 1997 | San Luis Acatlan, Mexico | [83] |
5 | 25.00 | 635.0 | Maggie 1970 | Hawaii | [93] |
6 | 24.73 | 628.1 | Odile 1984 | Costa Azul/Acapulco, Mexico | [84] |
7 | 24.02 | 610.1 | Isis 1998 | Caduano/Santiago, Mexico | [85] |
8 | 22.44 | 570.0 | Flossie 2001 | Suchixtlahuaca, Mexico | [86] |
9 | 22.32 | 566.9 | Greg 1999 | Tecoman, Mexico | [87] |
10 | 21.01 | 533.7 | Norma 1981 | Breckenridge, Texas, USA | [100] |
[edit] Worldwide cyclone records set by Pacific storms
- Longest-lived tropical cyclone: Hurricane John lasted for 30 days and 18 hours.[53]
- Farthest-travelling tropical cyclone: Hurricane John travelled for 13280 km.[53]
- Tropical cyclone at Category 4 or 5 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Scale for the longest: Hurricane Ioke was at that intensity for 198 consecutive hours.[108]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "WMO Technical Document" (DOC/HTML). World Meteorological Organization. http://google.com/search?q=cache:G34Z-evoCZMJ:www.wmo.int/web/www/TCP/MEETING/RA%2520IV%2520HC-XXIII/OP-TCP30-2000for%2520DOC6.doc+Fefa+%2B%22World+Meteorological+Organization%22&hl=en.
- ^ Christopher Landsea & Michael Chenoweth (November 2004). "The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. pp. 1689–98. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/chenowethlandsea.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ Jack Williams (2005-05-17). "Background: California's Tropical Storms". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/weather/whhcalif.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ "Atlantic and Pacific Records during the modern recorded era" (PDF). Hurricane.com. October 2011. http://www.hurricane.com/hurricane-records.php. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
- ^ E. Jáuregui (2003). "Climatology of landfalling hurricanes and tropical storms in Mexico" (PDF). Atmósfera. pp. 200. Archived from the original on 2007-12-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20071201101508/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/atmosfera/Vol16-4/ATM16401.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
- ^ Addison Whipple (1982). Storm. Time Life Books. p. 103. ISBN 0-8094-4312-0.
- ^ a b (map supplement) Natural Hazards of North America. National Geographic Society. July 1998.
- ^ E. Jáuregui (2003). "Climatology of landfalling hurricanes and tropical storms in Mexico" (PDF). Atmósfera. pp. 201. Archived from the original on 2006-06-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20060614065451/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/atmosfera/Vol16-4/ATM16401.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
- ^ "Salvador Flood total 565". The Courier. September 23, 1982. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Q69OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qkwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3978,1318624&dq=el+salvador+flood&hl=en. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ "More flood victims found". Associated Press (The Spokesman-Review): p. 12. September 28, 1982. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HO4vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5e4DAAAAIBAJ&dq=guatemala%20flood&pg=2090%2C5185253. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ "Nicaragua - Disaster Statistics". Prevention Web. 2008. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=124. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- ^ "Mexico - Disaster Statistics". Prevention Web. 2008. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=112. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- ^ "24 killed from hurricane". The Hour. October 1, 1982. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QCpJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rwYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2629,146940&dq=hurricane+baja+california&hl=en. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
- ^ a b c Emil B Gunther (1977-04-01). "Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1976". Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society) 105 (4): 508–522. Bibcode 1977MWRv..105..508G. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0508:EPTCO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281977%29105%3C0508%3AEPTCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Mary E. Clifford (1977). News Dictionary 1976. Facts On File. ISBN 0-87196-103-2.
- ^ Hans Rosendal (November 1962). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones, 1947-1967". Mariners' Weather Log. http://members.aol.com/Rosendalhe/eastern.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1997-11-07). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Pauline". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997pauline.html. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ^ Miles B. Lawrence (2010-05-30). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Agatha". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2010agatha.html. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
- ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1983-10-19). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Tico". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1983tico.html. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
- ^ Max Mayfield (1995-11-19). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Ismael". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1995ismael.html. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ^ "World News". The Virgin Islands Daily News. 1931-09-18. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9awjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dC4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2743,5917663&dq=hurricane+mexico&hl=en. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
- ^ Howard C. Sumner (November 1943). "North Atlantic Tropical Disturbances and Hurricanes of 1943" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. NOAA. pp. 181. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1943.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ^ a b c d e f Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-39). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1992.php. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
- ^ (Spanish) "Final Evaluation of Damage Caused by Hurricane Norbert in Baja California Sur" (PDF). Government of Mexico. November 15, 2008. http://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2009/02/asun_2524995_20090210_1234301589.pdf. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
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