Naval History and Heritage Command

Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the U.S. Navy has used divers on the salvage and repair of ships, construction, and other military operations. During the Civil War’s Battle of Mobile Bay, swimmers were sent ahead of Adm. David Farragut’s ships to locate and disarm Confederate mines, and in 1898, Navy divers investigated the mysterious explosion of USS Maine while anchored in the harbor of Havana, Cuba. 

The beginning of the twentieth century marked the development of a weapon of immense potential—the submarine. With the growth of the U.S. submarine force also came with it an increase in accidents, collisions, and sinkings. Until 1912, U.S. Navy divers rarely went below 60 fsw (feet of seawater), and that was a real problem for submarine rescue operations. In that year, Chief Gunner George D. Stillson set up a program to test diving tables and methods of stage decompression. One goal of the program was to develop better Navy diving equipment as well. Throughout the three-year program, divers went progressively deeper, eventually reaching 274 fsw. As a direct result of the program, the first U.S. Navy Diving Manual was published, and the Navy Diving School at Newport, Rhode Island, was established. After World War I, diver-training programs were cut and the school was not reinstituted.  

In 1927, USS S-4 (SS-109) was lost in a collision with the Coast Guard cutter USS Paulding. The first divers to reach the submarine at 102 fsw were able to make contact with the men trapped inside, but were unable to rescue them due to a hose connection that was feasible in theory but in reality could not provide the men in the submarine with oxygen. The incident, along with other submarine accidents, sparked new interest in diving operations. The Naval School, Diving and Salvage, was re-established at the Washington Navy Yard during that year, and a rescue chamber that was essentially a diving bell with special fittings for connection to a submarine deck hatch was developed. The apparatus, called the McCann-Erickson Rescue Chamber, was proven somewhat effective in 1939 when it was used to rescue the crew of USS Squalus (SS-192) that suffered a catastrophic valve failure off the Isle of Shoals.  

Navy divers plunged into World War II with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. By 0915 on 7 December 1941, salvage teams were already at work cutting through the hull of overturned battle ship USS Oklahoma (BB-37) in an attempt to save Sailors trapped inside the ship. Salvage operations were not the only missions assigned to Navy divers during the war. Many dives were made to inspect sunken enemy ships in an attempt to recover materials of intelligence value. The Navy’s Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) were created when bomb disposal experts and Seabees (combat engineers) teamed together in 1943 to devise methods for removing obstacles the Germans were placing off the beaches of France. In the Pacific, the first combat mission for UDT’s was a daylight reconnaissance and demolition project off the beaches of Saipan in June 1944. During the Battle of Okinawa, one UDT removed 1,200 underwater obstacles in two days, under heavy fire, without a single casualty. 

Navy diving, of course, is not limited to combat and salvage operations. Increasingly, a major part of the diving mission is the inspection and repair of naval vessels to decrease downtime, and the need for dry-docking. Other aspects include recovery and research of torpedoes, installation and repair of electronic arrays, underwater construction, and the recovery of downed aircraft. 

In April 1963, the loss of USS Thresher (SSN-593) had a profound effect on the development of new diving equipment and techniques. The submarine and her crew sank to 8,400 fsw, a depth beyond the survival limit of the hull and far beyond the capability of existing rescue apparatus. The loss sparked two special study groups whose recommendations called for the vast improvement in the Navy’s undersea capabilities. In 1970s, the development of the Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV), capable of rescue to a depth of 5,000 fsw, vastly improved the Navy’s submarine rescue capabilities. Three additional significant areas of improvement included saturation diving, the development of deep diving systems, and progress in advanced diving equipment design. 

Today, U.S. Navy divers are part of an extraordinary community that takes them from the darkest depths of the world’s oceans to freezing arctic-like conditions underneath icebergs, accomplishing tasks that can only be performed by this highly trained naval community. 

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Notable Divers

• Boatswain's Mate 2nd Class Owen Francis Patrick Hammerberg
• Chief Machinist’s Mate William Badders
• Chief Boatswain’s Mate Orson L. Crandall
• Chief Metalsmith James Harper McDonald
• Chief Torpedoman John Mihalowski
• Master Chief Carl Brashear

Articles/Blogs

• New Rebreather Helps Navy Divers under the Waves
• Women Divers: Part of the Navy Team
• Son of U.S. Navy Diver Reconnects with Father’s Legacy, Memories
• Sailor Continues Family’s Dive Legacy during YOMD Celebration
• Diving Deeper Depths

Additional Resources

• United States Naval Undersea Museum
• NHHC Underwater Archaeology
• Diving in the U.S. Navy: A Brief History
• Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center
• U.S. Navy Diving Manual
• Navy Diver Careers
• U.S. Navy Diving: An Overview
• Submarine Force
• Salvage of USS Oklahoma, 1942–1944
• Salvage Work on USS Nevada
• Salvage of USS West Virginia (BB-48)
• Post-Attack Ship Salvage
• Lecture: Rescue and Salvage of USS Squalus
• Salvage of USS Squalus (SS-192) 1939
• USS Squalus (SS-192): The Sinking, Rescue of Survivors, and Subsequent Salvage, 1939
• Report of Rescue Operations: Squalius
• U.S. Navy Divers Awarded the Medal of Honor for Rescue
• Salvage and Repair of USS California
• Statement concerning USS Lagarto

Selected Imagery